Effect of Ylang-Ylang (Cananga odorata Hook. F. & Thomson) Essential Oil on Acute Inflammatory Response In Vitro and In Vivo

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical profile, oral acute toxicity, and the effect of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata Hook. F. & Thomson) essential oil (YEO) on acute inflammation. YEO was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. For in vitro tests, YEO was assessed using cytotoxicity, neutrophil chemotaxis induced by N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (fMLP), and phagocytic activity tests. YEO was orally administered in zymosan-induced peritonitis, carrageenan-induced leukocyte rolling, and adhesion events in the in situ microcirculation model and in carrageenan-induced paw edema models. YEO (2000 mg/kg) was also tested using an acute toxicity test in Swiss mice. YEO showed a predominance of benzyl acetate, linalool, benzyl benzoate, and methyl benzoate. YEO did not present in vitro cytotoxicity. YEO reduced the in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis induced by fMLP and reduced the phagocytic activity. The oral treatment with YEO reduced the leukocyte recruitment and nitric oxide production in the zymosan-induced peritonitis model, reduced rolling and adherent leukocyte number induced by carrageenan in the in situ microcirculation model, and reduced carrageenan-induced edema and mechanical hyperalgesia. YEO did not present signs of toxicity in the acute toxicity test. In conclusion, YEO affected the leukocyte activation, and presented antiedematogenic, anti-hyperalgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Flower Power: An Overview on Chemistry and Biological Impact of Selected Essential Oils from Blossoms

“…Excessive phagocytosis of neutrophils was also reduced, which could reduce associated tissue damage. In the in vivo experiments of the same study, ylang-ylang oil reduced paw edema and hyperalgesia in rats [219].…”

“…In another ylang-ylang oil, the main compounds were benzyl acetate (18.12 %), linalool (15.23 %), benzyl benzoate (11.39 %), geranyl acetate (9.46 %), methyl benzoate (7.64 %), p-methyl anisole (7.38 %), trans-caryophyllene (5.42 %), germacrene D (4.61 %), benzyl salicylate (4.47 %), and α-farnesene (2.02 %). Information on the blossom stage was not given [219]. However, the variable chemical composition of essential oils in the literature may depend on various factors cited above, in addition to the different stages of development of the harvested flowers [208,209].…”

“…Insecticidal activity was detected primarily in ylang-ylang flower essential oils [222]. Furthermore, they displayed limited antioxidant actions [215] but significant anti-inflammatory potential [219].…”

“…An in vitro study demonstrated that ylang-ylang flower essential oil reduced leukocyte chemotaxis, which was induced by a chemoattractant that activated MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, releasing proinflammatory cytokines [219]. Since linalool already reduced LPS-induced production of TNF-α and IL-1β in vitro by inhibiting NFkB [49], it can be assumed that it is also responsible for hindering neutrophil chemotaxis by inhibiting the release of proinflammatory cytokines.…”

A Comparative Analysis of Steam Distillation and Enfleurage Methods for the Extraction of Cananga odorata Flower Essential Oil

“…F. & Thomson, commonly called C. odorata, is a plant commonly found in tropical Asia such as the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and several other islands in the Indian Ocean, especially the Comoro islands, Nossi Be, and Madagascar. This plant is famous for its fragrant flowers, and C. odorata essential oil has been widely used in the food industry as well as the perfume and aromatherapy industries (Tan et al, 2015;Junior et al, 2022). Apart from that, this plant has pharmacological activities as antimicrobial, antioxidant, antibiofilm, insecticidal, anti-inflammatory, antimelanogenesis, insect repellent, relaxing, sedative, antihyperglycemic, antiviral, antidiabetic, and can improve mood and cognitive performance (Tan et al, 2015;Junior et al, 2022).…”