“…Compared to medium and high density fibers, the lower density with higher bulky structure technically required a greater amount of fiber when being compressed into composite panel. 54 Thus, higher volume of fiber required greater pressing and led to the increasing compression stress in the sandwich composite panel.Figure 17.Thickness swelling of the sandwich composite panel samples at different EFB fiber fibrillation degrees (a) raw EFB fiber (b) 191.40% (c) 211.70 (d) 271.68%.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Compared to medium and high density fibers, the lower density with higher bulky structure technically required a greater amount of fiber when being compressed into composite panel. 54 Thus, higher volume of fiber required greater pressing and led to the increasing compression stress in the sandwich composite panel.…”
Section: Effect Of Fibrillation On Thickness Swelling Of Sandwich Com...mentioning
Sandwich composite panel for heat insulation application were fabricated from two types of agricultural biomass waste, the oil palm empty fruit bunch and spent mushroom substrate. These agricultural biomasses are abundant, renewable, and without proper disposal management, might cause massive environmental pollution. This study investigated the effect of fibrillation degree on EFB fiber through the morphology modification to enhance the properties and thermal characteristic of the sandwich composite panel. Fibrillation is a physical changes that occurred on the surface and internal structure of fiber after undergo excessive physical modification by using refiner machine. Higher fibrillation degree could be achieve by narrowing the space area between two disks of refiner which also known as refining gap. In this research, a composite panel was developed from (SMS) and (EFB) fiber via sandwich hot pressing method. One composite sample using raw EFB fiber and three composite sample at fibrillation degree 191.40%, 211.70% and 271.68% were made at density 0.8 g/cm3. Based on result, the morphological structure of EFB fiber improved in term of formation of small fibril formation, larger surface area, optimum fiber length, optimum fiber diameter and better fiber distribution in composite panel. The mechanical properties of composite was obtained at range 2.77–7.21 MPa for tensile strength, 16.61–18.59 MPa for flexural strength, 2.06–3.18 MPa for internal bond and 4.35–15.79 kJ/m2 for impact strength. For physical properties, value of water absorption and thickness swelling were obtained at range 90.34–142.61% and 18.01–44.80%, respectively. Last but not least, the thermal conductivity value of sandwich composite was obtained at range 0.234–0.282 W/m.K. Overall result found that increasing fibrillation degree on EFB fiber at 211.70% able to contribute in improving the mechanical properties, physical properties and thermal characteristic of sandwich composite panel. This research finding suggested that enhancement of fiber morphology using fibrillation degree approach is considered as an alternative eco-friendly method that could be implemented to improve the properties and thermal characteristic of sandwich composite panel.
“…Compared to medium and high density fibers, the lower density with higher bulky structure technically required a greater amount of fiber when being compressed into composite panel. 54 Thus, higher volume of fiber required greater pressing and led to the increasing compression stress in the sandwich composite panel.Figure 17.Thickness swelling of the sandwich composite panel samples at different EFB fiber fibrillation degrees (a) raw EFB fiber (b) 191.40% (c) 211.70 (d) 271.68%.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 98%
“…Compared to medium and high density fibers, the lower density with higher bulky structure technically required a greater amount of fiber when being compressed into composite panel. 54 Thus, higher volume of fiber required greater pressing and led to the increasing compression stress in the sandwich composite panel.…”
Section: Effect Of Fibrillation On Thickness Swelling Of Sandwich Com...mentioning
Sandwich composite panel for heat insulation application were fabricated from two types of agricultural biomass waste, the oil palm empty fruit bunch and spent mushroom substrate. These agricultural biomasses are abundant, renewable, and without proper disposal management, might cause massive environmental pollution. This study investigated the effect of fibrillation degree on EFB fiber through the morphology modification to enhance the properties and thermal characteristic of the sandwich composite panel. Fibrillation is a physical changes that occurred on the surface and internal structure of fiber after undergo excessive physical modification by using refiner machine. Higher fibrillation degree could be achieve by narrowing the space area between two disks of refiner which also known as refining gap. In this research, a composite panel was developed from (SMS) and (EFB) fiber via sandwich hot pressing method. One composite sample using raw EFB fiber and three composite sample at fibrillation degree 191.40%, 211.70% and 271.68% were made at density 0.8 g/cm3. Based on result, the morphological structure of EFB fiber improved in term of formation of small fibril formation, larger surface area, optimum fiber length, optimum fiber diameter and better fiber distribution in composite panel. The mechanical properties of composite was obtained at range 2.77–7.21 MPa for tensile strength, 16.61–18.59 MPa for flexural strength, 2.06–3.18 MPa for internal bond and 4.35–15.79 kJ/m2 for impact strength. For physical properties, value of water absorption and thickness swelling were obtained at range 90.34–142.61% and 18.01–44.80%, respectively. Last but not least, the thermal conductivity value of sandwich composite was obtained at range 0.234–0.282 W/m.K. Overall result found that increasing fibrillation degree on EFB fiber at 211.70% able to contribute in improving the mechanical properties, physical properties and thermal characteristic of sandwich composite panel. This research finding suggested that enhancement of fiber morphology using fibrillation degree approach is considered as an alternative eco-friendly method that could be implemented to improve the properties and thermal characteristic of sandwich composite panel.
“…In addition, a study stated that the spring back force became extremely high when the composite panel was made of a high volume of bulky and low-density fiber. 140 On the other hand, for a binderless composite that is often used in insulation applications, the spring back force effect may occur extensively due to the breakdown of hydrogen bonds between fiber particles in the composite panel cavities. This condition would eventually lead to an increase in the size of void structure and the formation of a space between composite panel fiber particles.…”
Section: The Influence Of Fiber Physico-chemical Propertiesmentioning
The low performance of insulation panels has received great attention from many researchers and engineers to improve their properties as it has become a limiting factor that minimize their usage specifically as insulation building material. Recently, there has been an increase in interest in the development of composite insulation panels made from natural waste fiber. Due to the abundance of natural waste fiber generated by the agricultural industry, it has made them suitable to be utilized as raw material for composite insulation panels. Having improper waste disposal management might result in these massive quantities of valuable natural waste fiber having a detrimental effect on our ecosystem and contributing to various environmental pollution. A composite insulation panel made from natural waste fibers has unique and versatile features in terms of thermal, physical, and mechanical properties. Seeing such potential, this paper presents a review on the influencing factors towards improving comprehensive properties of composite insulation panels. Factors that influence the properties of the panel, such as the physico-chemical properties of fiber, fiber geometrical structure, and fiber treatment were discussed. Previous and recent research efforts related to factors influencing the properties of composite insulation panels were also compiled. Last but not least, the suitable criteria, limiting factors, and condition of the fiber used in composite insulation panels were also all highlighted.
“…Vertical Density profiles (VDP) show density distribution along the thickness, and they were recorded to find out a correspondence between the densities and the mechanical parameters, especially MOR and IB. Indeed, the IB depends on the bonding of the core layer [1,62,71], the MOR and the MOE are mostly influenced by the strength of the face…”
Section: Vertical Density Profilesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…There may be several reasons for this, among them the increased presence of fine particles in the exploded material, and the agglomerating effect of lignin distributed on the fiber surface due to the STEX. removed the outermost layers, which are normally the denser ones [62], and also the ones related to MOE and MOR properties. However, sanding is a step that is normally used at the industrial level, and it is necessary to equalize the surfaces and thicknesses of the panels that will be sold on the market.…”
This study presents an unexplored method to produce formaldehyde-free MDF. Steam exploded Arundo donax L. (STEX-AD) and untreated wood fibers (WF) were mixed at different mixing rates (0/100, 50/50, and 100/0, respectively) and two series of boards were manufactured, with 4 wt% of pMDI, based on dry fibers, and self-bonded. The mechanical and physical performance of the boards was analyzed as a function of the adhesive content and the density. The mechanical performance and dimensional stability were determined by following European standards. The material formulation and the density of the boards had a significant effect on both mechanical and physical properties. The boards made solely of STEX-AD were comparable to those made with pMDI, while the panels made of WF without adhesive were those that performed the worst. The STEX-AD showed the ability to reduce the TS for both pMDI-bonded and self-bonded boards, although leading to a high WA and a higher short-term absorption for the latter. The results presented show the feasibility of using STEX-AD in the manufacturing of self-bonded MDF and the improvement of dimensional stability. Nonetheless, further studies are needed especially to address the enhancement of the internal bond (IB).
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