Effect of wind waves on air-sea gas exchange: proposal of an overall CO2 transfer velocity formula as a function of breaking-wave parameter

Zhao, Dongliang; Toba, Yoshiaki; Suzuki, Yasushi; Komori, Satoru

doi:10.1034/j.1600-0889.2003.00055.x

Cited by 57 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…This fits the general theory that under low-moderate wind speeds, the k w is set by surface renewal and micro-scale wave breaking (i.e., by k wind ), increasing with steeper younger waves [28,51,65], and only under higher wind speeds is k w set by bubbles from breaking waves (i.e., k bubble ) [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. The preponderance of surface renewal and micro-scale wave breaking at the coastal ocean turn it more susceptible to additional factors driving k w .…”

Section: Transfer Velocity Estimates From Field Datamentioning

confidence: 64%

“…The formulation by Zhao et al [43], merged k wind within the k bubble (Equation (11a)), being this term dependent on the wave breaking parameter (R B given by Equation (11b)). The u * was the friction velocity i.e., the velocity of wind dragging on the sea surface, and f p the peak angular frequency of the wind-waves (in rad·s −1 ).…”

Section: Transfer Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clayson et al [51], on the other hand, replaced the gustiness term by a capillary wave parameterization. The FuGas achieved this through the iterative estimation of [86], Were tested the physically-based parameterizations by Zhao et al [43], Woolf [44] and Zhao and Xie [47] conjugated with the iWLP algorithm specific of the FuGas.…”

Section: Transfer Velocity Estimates From Field Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such are the formulations proposed by Carini et al [30] or Raymond and Cole [31], accounting only for u 10 , or by Borges et al [32], adding current drag with the bottom. Meanwhile, new evidence emerged for the effects of the sea surface cool-skin and warm-layer [33][34][35][36][37][38], atmospheric stability [39,40], wave-breaking [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50], water surface renewal [28,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57], surfactants [28,[58][59][60] and rain [61][62][63][64], just to mention a few examples from an extensive list of published works. In addition to their single influence, these factors also interact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The FuGas 2.3 Framework for Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling: Comparing Algorithms for the Estimation of Solubilities and Gas Fluxes

et al. 2018

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Accurate estimates of the atmosphere-ocean fluxes of greenhouse gases and dimethyl sulphide (DMS) have great importance in climate change models. A significant part of these fluxes occur at the coastal ocean which, although much smaller than the open ocean, have more heterogeneous conditions. Hence, Earth System Modelling (ESM) requires representing the oceans at finer resolutions which, in turn, requires better descriptions of the chemical, physical and biological processes. The standard formulations for the solubilities and gas transfer velocities across air-water surfaces are 36 and 24 years old, and new alternatives have emerged. We have developed a framework combining the related geophysical processes and choosing from alternative formulations with different degrees of complexity. The framework was tested with fine resolution data from the European coastal ocean. Although the benchmark and alternative solubility formulations generally agreed well, their minor divergences yielded differences of up to 5.8% for CH 4 dissolved at the ocean surface. The transfer velocities differ strongly (often more than 100%), a consequence of the benchmark empirical wind-based formulation disregarding significant factors that were included in the alternatives. We conclude that ESM requires more comprehensive simulations of atmosphere-ocean interactions, and that further calibration and validation is needed for the formulations to be able to reproduce it. We propose this framework as a basis to update with formulations for processes specific to the air-water boundary, such as the presence of surfactants, rain, the hydration reaction or biological activity.

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Section: Transfer Velocity Estimates From Field Datamentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Transfer Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Transfer Velocity Estimates From Field Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The FuGas 2.3 Framework for Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling: Comparing Algorithms for the Estimation of Solubilities and Gas Fluxes

et al. 2018

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“…The formulation by Zhao et al (2003), merged k wind into k bubble (Eq. 11a) using the wave breaking parameter (R B given by Eq.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The FuGas 2.1 framework for atmosphere-ocean coupling in geoscientific models: improving estimates of the solubilities and fluxes of greenhouse gases and aerosols

Vieira

Juruš

Clementi

et al. 2016

Preprint

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Accurate estimates of the atmosphere-ocean balances and fluxes of greenhouse gases and aerosols are fundamental for 20 geoscientific models dealing with climate change. A significant part of these fluxes occur at the coastal ocean which, although much smaller than the open ocean, is also much more heterogenic. The scientific community is becoming increasingly aware of the necessity to model the Earth at finer spatial and temporal resolutions, which also requires better descriptions of the chemical, physical and biological processes involved. The standard formulations for the gas transfer velocities and solubilities are 24 and 36 years old, respectively, and recently, new alternatives have emerged. 25We developed a framework congregating the geophysical processes involved which are customizable with alternative formulations with different degrees of complexity and/or different theoretical backgrounds. We propose this framework as basis for novel couplers of atmospheric and oceanographic model components. We tested it with fine resolution data from the European coastal ocean. Although the benchmark and alternative solubility formulations agreed well, their minor divergences yielded differences of many tons of greenhouse gases dissolved at the ocean surface. The transfer 30 velocities largely mismatched their estimates, a consequence of the benchmark formulation not considering factors that were proved determinant at the coastal ocean. Climate Change research requires more comprehensive simulations of atmosphere-ocean interactions but the formulations able to do it require further calibration and validation. 35

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The influence of environmental parameters on active and maturing oceanic whitecaps

Scanlon

Ward

2016

JGR Oceans

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High‐resolution images of the ocean surface are examined using digital processing, achieving quantifications of actively breaking (WA), maturing (WB), and total (WT = WA + WB) whitecaps. The images are selected from two data sets of the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean to sample a maximal range of environmental conditions. A total of 125,860 images were processed and averaged to establish 622 10 min periods. Parameterizing WA, WB, and WT with wind speed achieved modest correlations while also displaying large variabilities. Parameterizing WT with wind speed and specific Reynolds numbers achieved correlation coefficients ranging from 0.76 to 0.79. The filtering of WT into its active stage of evolution WA and subsequent fittings with wind speed and specific Reynolds numbers achieved reduced correlation coefficients ranging from 0.62 to 0.66. We suggest that the contribution of WB serves to conceal and thus underestimate the variability of actively breaking waves.

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Effect of wind waves on air-sea gas exchange: proposal of an overall CO2 transfer velocity formula as a function of breaking-wave parameter

Cited by 57 publications

References 42 publications

The FuGas 2.3 Framework for Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling: Comparing Algorithms for the Estimation of Solubilities and Gas Fluxes

The FuGas 2.3 Framework for Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling: Comparing Algorithms for the Estimation of Solubilities and Gas Fluxes

The FuGas 2.1 framework for atmosphere-ocean coupling in geoscientific models: improving estimates of the solubilities and fluxes of greenhouse gases and aerosols

The influence of environmental parameters on active and maturing oceanic whitecaps

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