Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults

Pereira, Mark A.; Jacobs, David R.; Pins, Joel J.; Raatz, Susan K.; Gross, Myron D.; Slavin, Joanne L.; Seaquist, Elizabeth R.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/75.5.848

Cited by 483 publications

(359 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Our findings are in line with a recent study by McKeown et al (2004), which showed a lower prevalence and lower odds of having metabolic syndrome in the highest quintile of whole-grain intake relative to those in the lowest quintile category. An interventional crossover study, also, supports the hypothesis that diets rich in whole-grain foods are associated with lower insulin concentrations (Pereira et al, 2002b). In contrast, other interventional studies, particularly those conducted on older adults, showed no evidence for the effect of whole-grain consumption on insulin sensitivity (Davy et al, 2002;Juntunen et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Whole-grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a favorable association in Tehranian adults

2004

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Background: Although dietary guidelines recommend increased intake of grain products to prevent chronic diseases, epidemiologic data regarding whole-grain intake association with metabolic syndrome are sparse. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between whole-grain intakes, metabolic syndrome and metabolic risk factors in Tehranian adults. Design: Population-based cross-sectional study. Setting: Tehran, the capital of Iran. Subjects: A representative sample of 827 subjects (357 men and 470 women) aged 18-74 y. Methods: Usual dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. The procedure developed by Jacobs et al was used to classify grain products into whole and refined grains. Weight and height were measured according to standard protocols and body mass index was calculated. Fasting blood samples were taken for biochemical measurements and blood pressure was assessed according to standard methods. Hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholestrolemia, high LDL, low HDL and metabolic syndrome were defined according to ATP III guidelines and hypertension based on JNC VI. Diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose level of Z126 mg/dl or 2-h postchallenge blood glucose level of Z200 mg/dl. Subjects were categorized based on quartile cut-points of whole-and refined-grain intake. Results: Mean (7s.d.) consumptions of whole and refined grains were 93729 and 201757 g/day, respectively. Both men and women reported higher intakes of refined grain than of whole grains. Compared with subjects in the lower quartile category, those in the upper category of whole-grain intake had lower prevalence of metabolic risk factors. Conversely, those in the higher category of refined-grain intake had higher prevalence of metabolic risk factors, except for diabetes. After controlling for confounders, a significantly decreasing trend was observed for the risk of having hypertriglyceridemia (odds ratios among quartiles: 1.00, 0.89, 0.74, 0.61, respectively), hypertension (1.00, 0.99, 0.93, 0.84) and metabolic syndrome (1.00, 0.84, 0.76, 0.68). Higher consumption of refined grains was associated with higher odds of having hypercholestrolemia

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Whole-grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a favorable association in Tehranian adults

2004

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“…In the second report using the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance design, high-fibre rye bran bread did not alter insulin sensitivity, but it appeared to enhance insulin secretion in postmenopausal, hypercholesterolaemic women (Juntunen et al, 2003). However, in a third experimental study using the insulin clamp technique, an increased intake of whole grain caused an increased insulin sensitivity (Pereira et al, 2002). Thus, epidemiological as well as experimental evidence suggest that increased intake of fibre rich food is related to improved insulin metabolism and a decreased risk of diabetes (Liu, 2003), MI (Kromhout et al, 1982;Kushi et al, 1985;Khaw & Barrett-Connor, 1987;Pietinen et al, 1996;Rimm et al, 1996;Jacobs et al, 1998;Liu et al, 1999;Wolk et al, 1999) and stroke (Liu et al, 2000;Mozaffarian et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Effects of meal frequency and high-fibre rye-bread diet on glucose and lipid metabolism and ileal excretion of energy and sterols in ileostomy subjects

et al. 2004

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Objective: To investigate the effect of a rye, high-fibre diet (HFD) vs a wheat, low-fibre diet (LFD), meal frequency, nibbling (Nib, seven times a day) or ordinary (Ord, three times a day), and their combined effects on blood glucose, insulin, lipids, urinary C-peptide and ileal excretion of energy, cholesterol and bile acids in humans. Design: LFD period with Nib or Ord meal frequency followed by an HFD diet with Nib or Ord meal frequency in randomized, crossover design. Setting: Outpatients of ileostomy volunteers were called for an investigation in research word. Subjects: A total of 10 subjects (two female subjects, age 34 and 51 y; eight males, mean age 54.4 y, range 43-65 y) participated in the experiment. All subjects were proctocolectomized for ulcerative colitis (mean 16.0 y, range 8-29 y before the study). Intervention: In total, 10 ileostomy subjects started with LFD for 2 weeks, the first week on either Nib (five subjects) or Ord (five subjects) and the second week on the other meal frequencies, in a crossover design, followed by a wash-out week, and continued with HFD period for 2 weeks in the same meal frequency manner. All foods consumed in both Nib or Ord regimens were identical and a high-fibre rye bread was used in the HFD period and a low-fibre wheat bread in the LFD period. Main outcome measures: Day-profiles of blood glucose, insulin and lipids, blood lipids before and after dietary intervention, and excretion of steroids in the effluents and C-peptide in the urine. Results: During the Nib regimen, plasma glucose and insulin peaks were lower at the end of the day with HFD compared with LFD. Urinary C-peptide excretion was significantly higher in the day-time on LFD compared with HFD (LFD-Ord vs HFD-Ord, Po0.01; LFD-Nib vs HFD-Nib, Po0.01). Plasma free-cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids were significantly higher (Po0.05) after LFD than after HFD with the Nib regimen. A higher excretion of energy (Po0.05) and chenodeoxycholic acid (Po0.05) were observed with HFD compared with LFD regardless of meal frequency. A higher daily excretion of cholic acid, total bile acids, cholesterol, net cholesterol and net sterols (Po0.05) was observed on HFD compared with LFD with the Nib regimen. Conclusions: An HFD decreased insulin secretion measured as a decreased excretion of C-peptide in urine and as decreased plasma insulin peaks at the end of the day during a Nib regimen. The smoother glycaemic responses at the end of the day during a Nib regimen may be a consequence of a second meal phenomenon, possibly related to the nature of dietary fibre complex. Contributors: EAL and JXZ were responsible for the study design, conducting the dietary intervention, completing the statistical analysis and writing the paper. PT was responsible for the study design and conducting the dietary intervention of the study. DL was involved in the advisory of writing the paper and the analysis of the blood lipids. PÅ was involved in the concept and planning, and the analysis of the nutrients in the...

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“…30 The beneficial effect of a high carbohydrate diet on glucose tolerance has been reported; 31 however, contradicting reports have also been published. [32][33][34][35][36] Dietary carbohydrate through cereal intake is thought to modulate lipolysis, and a low-carbohydrate diet reduces cardiovascular risk through improvement in hepatic, intravascular and peripheral processing of lipoproteins. 32 Although no positive relation was …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…35 Among cereals, whole grain products that have a lower glycemic index and are richer in fiber and antioxidant vitamins than refined grain products were suggested to improve insulin sensitivity, probably by blunting postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses. 36 Thus, control of these factors in future studies will be important to determine the most effective dietary approach to prevent metabolic disorders. In Japan, there has been a significant reduction in the intake of cereals, and rice in particular, in recent decades, 2,37 On the other hand, dietary fat intake is increasing, and consumption of a more Westernized diet is thought to be associated with the evident increase in diabetes mellitus and obesity.…”

Section: Dietary Factors and Metabolic Syndrome Components R Otsuka Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between number of metabolic syndrome components and dietary factors in middle-aged and elderly Japanese subjects

et al. 2010

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Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of risk factors for atherosclerosis and is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The role of diet in the etiology of MetS is poorly understood, especially among Asian subjects. This cross-sectional study assessed the relationship between diet and the number of MetS components among Japanese men (n¼609) and women (n¼631). Mean (s.d.) age and body mass index were 57.1 (12.1) years and 22.8 (2.8) kg m À2 for men and 55.5 (12.0) years and 22.0 (3.0) kg m À2 for women, respectively. Diet was assessed by a 3-day dietary record that included photographs: 16 nutrients, 11 food groups, and energy % of protein and dietary fat were selected as a dietary index. The definition of MetS was based on modified National Cholesterol Education Program, Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, and the number of clustering MetS components was calculated by adding the presence of each five MetS components. A total of 61 men (10.0%) and 46 women (7.3%) were determined to have MetS. After adjusting for age, energy intake, alcohol intake, smoking status and physical activity, a lower intake of vitamin B6 and dietary fiber in men, and lower intake of calcium, milk and dairy products and higher intake of cereal in women were related to the number of MetS components. These results suggest that some dietary factors were related to the number of MetS components among community-dwelling Japanese men and women. Keywords: cross-sectional study; dietary record; Japanese; metabolic syndrome INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of risk factors for atherosclerosis, including visceral obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia; MetS is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. 1 The National Nutrition Survey in Japan, a population-based study among 40-to 74-year-olds, revealed that 24% of men and 12% of women were strongly suspected of having MetS, and 27% of men and 8% of women were suspected of having MetS. 2 MetS has become a major public health challenge in Japan. 3 The pathophysiology of MetS appears to be largely attributable to insulin resistance with an excessive flux of fatty acids, 1 although this disorder presumably exists as a function of a complex interaction between environmental factors, including diet or physical activity and genetic factors. 4,5 Although dietary aspects have been linked to individual features of MetS, 6-8 the role of diet in the etiology of this syndrome is poorly understood. Asians have different lifestyle and genetic factors compared with Caucasians, 9,10 but only a few epidemiologic studies examining diet and MetS among Asians have been conducted. [11][12][13] The aim of this study was to examine the relations between diet and

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Effect of whole grains on insulin sensitivity in overweight hyperinsulinemic adults

Abstract: Insulin sensitivity may be an important mechanism whereby whole-grain foods reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

Cited by 483 publications

References 53 publications

Whole-grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a favorable association in Tehranian adults

Whole-grain consumption and the metabolic syndrome: a favorable association in Tehranian adults

Effects of meal frequency and high-fibre rye-bread diet on glucose and lipid metabolism and ileal excretion of energy and sterols in ileostomy subjects

Relationship between number of metabolic syndrome components and dietary factors in middle-aged and elderly Japanese subjects

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