“…In the auto industry, fixes proposed by manufactures through recalls suggest a significant decline in sales, loss of reputation and firm value (as an illustration, see Davidson and Worrell, 1992;Kini, Shenoy and Subramaniam, 2013;Gokhale et al, 2014b andRaghavan, 2015). However, it may not be logical to compare a differentiated oligopoly such as the auto market with the more concentrated passenger airline sector, in which travelers may not have as many options to buy the product due to constraints on schedules, airports, corporate tie-ups and sunk costs from frequent flier relationships or credit card relationships.…”