Effect of Watering and Soil Moisture on Mercury Emissions from Soils

Gustin, Mae Sexauer; Stamenković, Jelena

doi:10.1007/s10533-005-4566-8

Cited by 126 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…3a), as VWC receded down to 0.07. This is consistent with the laboratory results of Gustin and Stamenkovic (2005), who hypothesised that evaporation of soil water helps mobilise mercury adsorbed to soil matter upwards to the air-surface interface. In their study, a pulse of GEM emission was observed immediately after precipitation events, attributed to expulsion of soil GEM from within the pore space.…”

Section: Environmental Correlatessupporting

confidence: 92%

Mercury fluxes over an Australian alpine grassland and observation of nocturnal atmospheric mercury depletion events

Howard

Edwards

2018

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Aerodynamic gradient measurements of the airsurface exchange of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) were undertaken over a 40 ha alpine grassland in Australia's Snowy Mountains region across a 3-week period during the late austral summer. Bi-directional GEM fluxes were observed throughout the study, with overall mean value of 0.2 ± 14.5 ng m −2 h −1 and mean nocturnal fluxes of −1.5 ± 7.8 ng m −2 h −1 compared to diurnal fluxes of 1.8 ± 18.6 ng m −2 h −1 . Deposition velocities ranged from −2.2 to 2.9 cm s −1 , whilst ambient GEM concentrations throughout the study were 0.59 ± 0.10 ng m −3 . Cumulative GEM fluxes correlated well with 24 h running mean soil temperatures, and one precipitation event was shown to have a positive impact on diurnal emission fluxes. The underlying vegetation had largely senesced and showed little stomatal control on fluxes. Nocturnal atmospheric mercury depletion events (NAMDEs) were observed concomitant with O 3 depletion and dew formation under shallow, stable nocturnal boundary layers. A mass balance box model was able to reproduce ambient GEM concentration patterns during NAMDE and non-NAMDE nights without invoking chemical oxidation of GEM throughout the column, indicating a significant role of surface processes controlling deposition in these events. Surface deposition was enhanced under NAMDE nights, though uptake to dew likely represents less than one-fifth of this enhanced deposition. Instead, enhancement of the surface GEM gradient as a result of oxidation at the surface in the presence of dew is hypothesised to be responsible for a large portion of GEM depletion during these particular events. GEM emission pulses following nights with significant deposition provide evidence for the prompt recycling of 17 % of deposited mercury, with the remaining portion retained in surface sinks. The long-term impacts of any sinks are however likely to be minimal, as cumulative GEM flux across the study period was close to zero.

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Section: Environmental Correlatessupporting

confidence: 92%

Mercury fluxes over an Australian alpine grassland and observation of nocturnal atmospheric mercury depletion events

Howard

Edwards

2018

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…These would be similar to the study of Gustin and Stamenkovic (2005) and Xin et al (2007) which observed that the fluxes were enhanced gradually with the substrate moisture decreasing, and then the fluxes were decreased with the soil moisture continuous decreasing. Gustin and Stamenkovic (2005) and Briggs and Gustin (2013) supposed the possible reason that soil with high water volumes, the water will saturate the soil pores and inhibits the soil gas exchange with the atmosphere, inhibiting the mercury emissions from the saturated substrate, whereas we have not tested the soil saturation in the subtropical forest. Briggs and Gustin (2013) also suggested that soil moisture was the most important parameter predicting mercury flux and the evaporative stage of soil moisture was used to partition the parameters that are most important for controlling mercury flux as the soils dried.…”

Section: Influence Of Atmospheric Tgm On the Mercury Flux: Experimentssupporting

confidence: 87%

“…But it should be noted that these experiments were not conducted in the same external conditions and the synergistic influence with humidity on the flux may not remain the same (Park et al, 2014). These would be similar to the study of Gustin and Stamenkovic (2005) and Xin et al (2007) which observed that the fluxes were enhanced gradually with the substrate moisture decreasing, and then the fluxes were decreased with the soil moisture continuous decreasing. Gustin and Stamenkovic (2005) and Briggs and Gustin (2013) supposed the possible reason that soil with high water volumes, the water will saturate the soil pores and inhibits the soil gas exchange with the atmosphere, inhibiting the mercury emissions from the saturated substrate, whereas we have not tested the soil saturation in the subtropical forest.…”

Section: Influence Of Atmospheric Tgm On the Mercury Flux: Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…7a and b). Previous studies (Zhang et al, 2002;Nacht and Gustin, 2004;Gustin and Stamenkovic, 2005) observed that addition of water to relative dry soils in amounts less than the needed to saturate the soil surface has been shown to cause an immediate enhancement of mercury emissions. The reason may be that the soil gas which contained higher mercury concentrations (Moore and Castro, 2012), was displaced by infiltrating water physically.…”

Section: Influence Of Atmospheric Tgm On the Mercury Flux: Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second addition of water event of these experiments also showed that depending on soil water holding capacity, a subsequent suppression of flux could occur if sufficient water was added. This may be due to the fact that surface soil was saturated and pores were blocked by water film, therefore inhibited the soil mercury emission (Gustin and Stamenkovic, 2005;Wang et al, 2014). Unlike the without addition of water group, the fluxes of the addition of water groups were not corresponding to air and soil temperature as well as solar radiation.…”

Section: Influence Of Atmospheric Tgm On the Mercury Flux: Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigation of factors affecting mercury emission from subtropical forest soil: A field controlled study in southwestern China

Zhou

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2017

Journal of Geochemical Exploration

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Recent studies demonstrated that subtropical forest in China was considered as a large pool of atmospheric mercury and soils of forested watershed is a large reservoir of atmospherically deposited mercury. However, forest ecosystems not only act as sinks but also as sources of previously deposited mercury emitted back to the atmosphere. In this study a field controlled method was performed in Tieshanping National Forest Park (TNFP) to identify the effects of the most important parameters that controlled mercury emissions from soil surfaces, including chamber flushing flow turnover times (TOTs), soil water content and watering, total gaseous mercury (TGM) in air and understory. Flushing flow rates significantly affected the calculation of mercury flux and the optimal TOTs were 0.94 min in the forest. TGM in atmosphere was significantly inhibited mercury emission from soils, and the deposited mercury was not absorbed firmly by the soils in a short time and emitted back to atmosphere rapidly when TGM concentration decreased. Higher soil moisture reduced the emission of mercury and initial watering produces a spike in the mercury emissions due to the interstitial soil gas mercury displaced by infiltrating water physically. However, subsequent watering was reducing the fluxes, because surface soil was saturated and soil pores were blocked by water film and inhibited the soil mercury emission. Soils under the understory had a higher mercury concentrations and deep organic layers. However, the fluxes of soil under the understory significantly were inhibited in daytime because solar radiation was blocked by the understory and the higher litter layer.

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An approach estimating bidirectional air‐surface exchange for gaseous elemental mercury at AMNet sites

Wright

Zhang

2015

J Adv Model Earth Syst

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The bidirectional air-surface exchange for gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) and existing measurements of the compensation points over a variety of canopy types are reviewed. Deposition and emission of GEM are dependent on several factors such as the type of canopy, temperature, season, atmospheric GEM concentrations, and meteorological conditions, with compensation points varying between 0.5 and 33 ng m 23 . Emissions tend to increase from the spring to summer seasons, as the GEM accumulates in the foliage of the vegetation. A strong dependence on solar radiation has been observed, with higher emissions under light conditions. A bidirectional air-surface exchange flux model is proposed for estimating GEM fluxes at a two-hourly time resolution for the National Atmospheric Deposition Program's, Atmospheric Mercury Network (AMNet) sites. Compared to the unidirectional dry deposition model used in Zhang et al. (2012), two additional parameters, stomatal and soil emission potential, were needed in the bidirectional model and were chosen based on knowledge gained in the literature review and model sensitivity test results. Application of this bidirectional model to AMNet sites have produced annual net deposition fluxes comparable to those estimated in Zhang et al. (2012) at the majority of the sites. In this study, the net GEM dry deposition has been estimated separately for each dominant land use type surrounding each site, and this approach is also recommended for future calculations for easy application of the results to assessments of the mercury effects on various ecosystems.

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Effect of Watering and Soil Moisture on Mercury Emissions from Soils

Cited by 126 publications

References 30 publications

Mercury fluxes over an Australian alpine grassland and observation of nocturnal atmospheric mercury depletion events

Mercury fluxes over an Australian alpine grassland and observation of nocturnal atmospheric mercury depletion events

Investigation of factors affecting mercury emission from subtropical forest soil: A field controlled study in southwestern China

An approach estimating bidirectional air‐surface exchange for gaseous elemental mercury at AMNet sites

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