Effect of Water Injection and Spatial Distribution on Combustion, Emission and Performance of GDI Engine-A CFD Analysis

Raut, Ankit Ashokrao; Mallikarjuna, J M

doi:10.4271/2018-01-1725

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…36 The Kelvin–Helmholtz and Rayleigh–Taylor (KH-RT) breakup length model is used to capture primary and secondary breakup of water and fuel spray. 24,37 The breakup model is based on liquid/gas instability mechanism. Liquid blobs are injected with a diameter equal to the diameter of the nozzle, assuming that the liquid core exists near the nozzle region.…”

Section: Cfd Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Liquid blobs are injected with a diameter equal to the diameter of the nozzle, assuming that the liquid core exists near the nozzle region. 23,24 The O’Rourke scheme is implemented to estimate the droplet collision and coalescence. Evaporation characteristics are analyzed by the Frossling model.…”

Section: Cfd Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…39 SAGE calculate reaction rates for each elementary reaction, while the CFD solver solves the transport equations. 5,24 Iso-octane is used as a surrogate for gasoline. The ignition event is modeled by the introduction of a high-temperature source between the spark plug electrodes during the ignition process.…”

Section: Cfd Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19–21 However, relatively few works on direct water injection techniques are reported in literature. 22–26…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wu et al 33 experimentally demonstrated that the rate of water vaporization can be improved by raising the temperature of water injection, which also improved engine efficiency. Raut and Mallikarjuna 22,24 numerically studied the effects of the spatial distribution of water vapors on the combustion chamber of direct water-injected GDI engine. They concluded that the water vapor concentration should be high and uniform near the walls of the combustion chamber and nil at the spark plug location to enhance the performance and emission characteristics of the engine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Effects of direct water injection and injector configurations on performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection engine: A computational fluid dynamics analysis

Raut

Mallikarjuna

2019

International Journal of Engine Research

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In-cylinder water injection is a promising approach for reducing NOx and soot emissions from internal combustion engines. It allows one to use a higher compression ratio by reducing engine knock; hence, higher fuel economy and power output can be achieved. However, water injection can also affect engine combustion and emission characteristics if water injection and injector parameters are not properly set. Majority of the previous studies on the water injection are done through experiments. Therefore, subtle aspects of water injection such as in-cylinder interaction of water sprays, spatial distribution of water vapor, and effect on flame propagation are not clearly understood and rarely reported in literature due to experimental limitations. Thus, in the present article, a computational fluid dynamics investigation is carried out to analyze the effects of direct water injection under various injector configurations on water evaporation, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection engine. The emphasis is given to analyze in-cylinder water spray interactions, flame propagation, water spray droplet size distribution, and water vapor spatial distribution inside the engine cylinder. For the study, the water-to-fuel ratio is varied from 0 to 1. Various water injector configurations using nozzle hole diameters of 0.14, 0.179, and 0.205 mm, along with nozzle holes of 4, 5, 6, and 7, are considered for comparison in addition to the case of no_water. Computational fluid dynamics models used in this study are validated with the available data in literature. From the results, it is found that the emission and performance characteristics of the engine are highly dependent on water evaporation characteristics. Also, the water-to-fuel ratio of 0.6 with 6 number of nozzle holes and the nozzle diameter of 0.14 mm results in the highest indicated mean effective pressure and the lowest NOx, soot, and CO emissions compared to other cases considered.

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Section: Cfd Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cfd Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cfd Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…19–21 However, relatively few works on direct water injection techniques are reported in literature. 22–26…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Effects of direct water injection and injector configurations on performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection engine: A computational fluid dynamics analysis

Raut

Mallikarjuna

2019

International Journal of Engine Research

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The Effect of Water Injection on a Naturally Aspirated Spark-Ignited Engine

Kim,

Chung,

Kim

et al. 2024

Int.J Automot. Technol.

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Water injection (WI) is a well-known technique to mitigate knocking phenomena, reducing the in-cylinder gas temperature with a high heat of vaporization and specific heat of water. In this study, the effect of WI directly into the cylinder on fuel efficiency was investigated using a 2.0 L naturally aspirated (NA), four-cylinder, port fuel injection (PFI)-spark-ignited (SI) engine. Spray visualization of water injection by a commercial gasoline direct-injection (GDI) injector was performed to elucidate the water evaporation characteristics. In engine experiments, combustion characteristics were analyzed by adjusting the WI timing and amount. Synergistic effects with other gas dilution techniques, such as EGR and Lean burn, were also investigated. The spray image of WI showed poor evaporation of water compared to gasoline, even at high fuel temperatures. The optimal timing of WI was advanced up to the early intake stroke due to the harsh conditions of NA engines for water evaporation compared to turbocharged engines. With the combination of EGR, the optimal WI timing was advanced by the compression stroke, and further fuel efficiency improvement was achieved. In lean combustion, WI can improve both combustion stability and fuel efficiency.

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Investigations on the impact of port water injection on soot formation in a DISI engine through CFD simulations and optical methods

Zembi

Battistoni

Mariani

et al. 2023

Fuel

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Effect of Water Injection and Spatial Distribution on Combustion, Emission and Performance of GDI Engine-A CFD Analysis

Cited by 10 publications

References 26 publications

Effects of direct water injection and injector configurations on performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection engine: A computational fluid dynamics analysis

Effects of direct water injection and injector configurations on performance and emission characteristics of a gasoline direct injection engine: A computational fluid dynamics analysis

The Effect of Water Injection on a Naturally Aspirated Spark-Ignited Engine

Investigations on the impact of port water injection on soot formation in a DISI engine through CFD simulations and optical methods

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