Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in a poor Peruvian peri-urban community

Checkley, William; Gilman, Robert H.; Black, Robert E.; Epstein, Leonardo D.; Cabrera, Lilia; Sterling, Charles R.; Moulton, Lawrence H.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)15261-0

Cited by 238 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The substantial negative impact of waterborne cryptosporidiosis leading to potentially life-threatening diarrhea and stunting in childhood is well-recognized in developing countries ( 16 , 17 ). Our findings show that Cryptosporidium remains an obstacle in water and sanitation infrastructure and a threat to child health in industrialized countries as well.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Decline after Membrane Filtration of Public Water Supplies, England, 1996–2002

Goh¹,

Reacher²,

Casemore

et al. 2005

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Decline after Membrane Filtration of Public Water Supplies, England, 1996–2002

Goh¹,

Reacher²,

Casemore

et al. 2005

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Children in a peri-urban community in Peru with the worst water and sanitation conditions (no on-plot water, small water storage containers, lack of sewerage) experienced 2% higher risk of diarrhea (95% CI: 1.00-1.04, p=0.057) than children with the best conditions (on-plot water, large water storage containers, sewerage); however, risk of diarrhea was not significantly different between households with on-plot sources and households using standpipes or cisterns (hazard ratio (HR)=1.09, 95% CI: 0.60-1.98) or neighbors' water source (HR=1.21, 95% CI: 0.96-1.52) (Checkley et al, 2004). Children from households in Afghanistan lacking water on-plot were found to have higher risk of diarrhea than children from households with on-plot access in the univariate analysis, but not the multivariate analysis (HR=1.08, 95% CI: 0.95-1.23, p=0.239) (Aluisio et al, 2015).…”

Section: Diarrheal Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Eight studies reported multiple health outcomes included in the review (Checkley et al, 2004;Henry, 1981;Mason et al, 1986;Mukalay et al, 2010;Rajasekaran et al, 1977;Ryder et al, 1985;Thomas et al, 2016;Wang et al, 1989). Study design varied across health outcomes (Table 3).…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eight of 15 less rigorous studies assessed effects of socioeconomic status in the analysis. Thirteen studies had durations of a year or longer, nine of which were rigorous (Aluisio et al, 2015;Bukenya et al, 1991;Bulkow et al, 2012;Checkley et al, 2004;Devoto et al, 2011;Molbak et al, 1997;Thomas et al, 2016;van der Hoek et al, 2001;van der Hoek et al, 2002). Common reporting omissions and sources of potential bias identified were non-systematic or nonrepresentative participant selection, unadjusted statistical analysis, and non-disclosure of funding or conflict of interest (Table 5).…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Overbo

Williams

Evans

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Many studies have found that household access to water supplies near or within the household plot can reduce the probability of diarrhea, trachoma, and other water-related diseases, and it is generally accepted that on-plot water supplies produce health benefits for households. However, the body of research literature has not been analyzed to weigh the evidence supporting this. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the impacts of on-plot water supplies on diarrhea, trachoma, child growth, and water-related diseases, to further examine the relationship between household health and distance to water source and to assess whether on-plot water supplies generate health gains for households. Studies provide evidence that households with on-plot water supplies experience fewer diarrheal and helminth infections and greater child height. Findings suggest that water-washed (hygiene associated) diseases are more strongly impacted by on-plot water access than waterborne diseases. Few studies analyzed the effects of on-plot water access on quantity of domestic water used, hygiene behavior, and use of multiple water sources, and the lack of evidence for these relationships reveals an important gap in current literature. The review findings indicate that on-plot water access is a useful health indicator and benchmark for the progressive realization of the Sustainable Development Goal target of universal safe water access as well as the human right to safe water.

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“…1.Literature in the medical and epidemiological fields link poor sanitation to poor nutritional outcomes and child height (Pickering, Djebbari, Lopez, Coulibaly, & Alzua, 2015) through diarrhoea (Checkley et al, 2004), intestinal parasites (Esrey, Potash, Roberts, & Shiff, 1991), and environmental enteropathy (Humphrey, 2009). A meta-analysis conducted by Gertler et al (2015) uses experimentally-induced variation in open defecation to identify a causal effect of open defecation on child height.…”

Section: Notesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sanitation and Religion in South Asia: What Accounts for Differences across Countries?

Vyas

Spears

2018

The Journal of Development Studies

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Exposure to open defecation has serious consequences for child mortality, health, and human capital development. South Asia has the highest rates of open defecation worldwide, and although the incidence declines as household income rises, differences across South Asian countries are not explained by differences in per capita income. The rate of open defecation in sub-national regions of Bangladesh, India and Nepal is highly correlated with the fraction of the population that identifies as Hindu, in part because certain rituals of purity and pollution discourage having latrines in close proximity to one’s home. Almost all open defecation occurs in rural areas, and this paper estimates how much the rate could be reduced if rural households in regions that have a higher fraction of Hindus, where open defecation is still common, altered their behaviour to reflect that of non-Hindu households in regions that are predominantly non-Hindu, where the rate of open defecation is much lower. Using nonparametric reweighting methods, this paper projects that rural open defecation in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal could be reduced to rates of between 6 and 8 per cent, compared to the prevailing level of 65 per cent.

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Effect of water and sanitation on childhood health in a poor Peruvian peri-urban community

Cited by 238 publications

References 26 publications

Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Decline after Membrane Filtration of Public Water Supplies, England, 1996–2002

Sporadic Cryptosporidiosis Decline after Membrane Filtration of Public Water Supplies, England, 1996–2002

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Sanitation and Religion in South Asia: What Accounts for Differences across Countries?

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