2004
DOI: 10.1001/archderm.140.11.1351
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Effect of Volume and Concentration on the Diffusion of Botulinum Exotoxin A

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Cited by 196 publications
(142 citation statements)
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References 7 publications
(7 reference statements)
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“…The toxin immediately diffuses to the surrounding tissues after injection, but the degree of diffusion may be affected by volume, injection site, and speed of injection in addition to the serotype and preparation of botulinum toxin. [6][7][8][24][25][26] Two previous studies noted better efficacy by increasing injection volume but few injection volumes were assessed. 20,26 While the aforementioned studies do offer promising insight into the most effective volume techniques, previous studies have noted limits on the effectiveness of high dilution volumes.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…The toxin immediately diffuses to the surrounding tissues after injection, but the degree of diffusion may be affected by volume, injection site, and speed of injection in addition to the serotype and preparation of botulinum toxin. [6][7][8][24][25][26] Two previous studies noted better efficacy by increasing injection volume but few injection volumes were assessed. 20,26 While the aforementioned studies do offer promising insight into the most effective volume techniques, previous studies have noted limits on the effectiveness of high dilution volumes.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[6][7][8][24][25][26] Two previous studies noted better efficacy by increasing injection volume but few injection volumes were assessed. 20,26 While the aforementioned studies do offer promising insight into the most effective volume techniques, previous studies have noted limits on the effectiveness of high dilution volumes. A fourfold dilution of botulinum toxin A (100 U/ml) did not produce statistically significant differences in the degree of paralysis in children as judged by CMAP, static muscle range and the modified Ashworth scale.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The phenomenon of BoNT diffusion has been considered in humans [12][13][14][15] and animals using both direct and indirect methods, 3,21,28 which included elec- trophysiological assessment of endplate activity, histological determination of glycogen depleted muscle, or of the acetylcholine esterase staining. 5,6,10,12,25 Here, N-CAM staining was used to assess the diffusion of the biological activity of three different BoNT/A formulations from the point of injection along the mouse hindlimb.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…But a volume effect on the diffusion of BoNT is reported (an increase of BoNT efficacy is highlighted by an EMG test on animals when they receive an injection with a higher volume for the same dosage. On human patients, an increased surface action of BoNT is highlighted when a higher volume is injected for the same dosage [30,31]. The dose effect on migration is uncertain and remains highly controversial [7,13].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%