Effect of vitamin A deficiency on thymosin-β4 and CD4 concentrations

El-Zayat, Salwa Refat; Sibaii, Hiba; Mahfouz, Nermine N.; Sallam, Sara F.; Fahmy, Reham F.; El-Shaheed, Azza Abd

doi:10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.10.007

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…They were divided into subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) group (TSH over 2.5 mU/l) and normal thyroid group depending on the TSH levels (8,22,23). VAD was defined as VA ≤ 200 ng/ml (24,25), marginal vitamin A deficiency (MVAD) was defined as VA > 200 ng/ml but <300 ng/ml, and vitamin A normal (NVA) was defined as VA ≥ 300 ng/ml. Among them, 244 obese subjects underwent LSG.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Vitamin A and Thyroid Function in Individuals With Obesity and After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Yang

Gao

et al. 2022

Front. Nutr.

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Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) occurs in obesity and may be associated with thyroid dysfunction. We aimed to investigate the association of VA with thyroid function in obesity and after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). Nine hundred and seventy-six obese subjects were enrolled for this study and were divided into VAD, marginal vitamin A deficiency (MVAD), and vitamin A normal (NVA) groups. VAD was defined as VA ≤ 200 ng/ml, MVAD was defined as VA > 200 but <300 ng/ml, and NVA was defined as VA ≥ 300 ng/ml. Thyroid function was compared among groups and the relationship of VA and thyroid function was analyzed. Two hundred and forty-four of the 976 obese subjects underwent LSG, and the change in thyroid function and VA at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery was measured. Results showed that 37% of all the subjects had subclinical hypothyroidism (SH), and the SH group had lower VA levels than the non-SH group (P = 0.008). Forty-nine percent of all the subjects had MVAD, 9% had VAD, while the MVAD or VAD group had lower FT4 than the NVA group (P = 0.005 and P = 0.001). The VAD group also had higher TSH than NVA group (P = 0.037). VA was significantly negatively associated with TSH (r = −0.151, P = 0.006) and positively associated with FT4 (r = 0.228, P < 0.001). TSH was significantly decreased at 3, 6, and 12 months (3M: from 4.43 ± 2.70 to 2.63 ± 1.46 mU/l, P < 0.001; 6M: from 4.43 ± 2.70 to 3.84 ± 2.34 mU/l, P = 0.041; 12M: from 4.43 ± 2.70 to 2.85 ± 1.68 mU/l, P = 0.024). After LSG surgery, VA levels were slightly increased, when compared to pre-surgery levels, at 3, 6, and 12 months (3M: from 262.57 ± 68.19 to 410.33 ± 76.55 ng/ml, P = 0.065; 6M: from 262.57 ± 68.19 to 281.36 ± 93.23 ng/ml, P = 0.343; 12M: from 262.57 ± 68.19 to 300.37 ± 86.03 ng/ml, P = 0.083). SH group also had lower TSH and higher VA than the non-SH group at 3 months post-surgery [TSH: −1.4(−2.3, −0.3) vs. −0.2(−0.8, −0.2) mU/l, P < 0.001; VA: 163.99 ± 32.58 vs. 121.69 ± 27.59 ng/ml, P = 0.044]. In conclusion VA, which is related to thyroid hormone production, protects against thyroid dysfunction in obese subjects. The improvement of thyroid function in subjects with SH after LSG may be related to the increased VA levels observed post-surgery.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrial.gov ID: NCT04548232.

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Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of Vitamin A and Thyroid Function in Individuals With Obesity and After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Yang

Gao

et al. 2022

Front. Nutr.

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“…In addition, there is a decrease in the function of macrophages, monocytes, and other immune cells like natural killer cells, and a decrease in the number and function of CD4+ T-lymphocytes , B lymphocyte cells and T helper 6,12,13 . Effective antibody response is also impaired by the number and dysfunction of antigen presenting B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes 6,14,15 . In HIV-infected patients, the CD4+ T cell population decreases gradually as disease progresses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thymosin-β4 (Tβ4) is the prevailing form, representing a proximately 80% of the total content of thymosin It is considered to play a significant role in the cellular metabolism due to its actin-sequestering properties. Thymosin-β4 mRNA has various expression in human immune cells suggesting a relationship between immune response and Tβ4 15,23 , and its initial purpose is to encourage the development of T lymphocytes, which are targets of thymosin activity 24 . In a study, a strongly positive correlation as found between VitA and both Tβ4 and CD4 at p <.000 and p.003, respectively 25 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insilico discovering of STRA6 as a Novel Binding Receptor of Human Immunodeficiency (HIV)

Elkazzaz

Ahmed

Haikal

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The progressive loss of CD4+ T cell population and thymic dysfunction is the hallmark of HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus-1) infection but the mechanism underlying the slow T cell decline and thymic involution remains elusive. Although the chemokine receptor CCR5 (cysteine-cysteine chemokine receptor 5) is the predominant co-receptor exploited for transmission and replication of HIV in vivo but the previous mechanism described via CCR5, based on single-receptor tropism, was insufficient to elucidate the thymic dysfunction and progressive loss of CD4+ T cells caused by HIV infection. It has been demonstrated that acute HIV infection causes retinoic acid (RA) levels to drop quickly and immune cell populations, whose identities and functions are largely regulated by RA. Through this study, we predicted and discovered human STRA6 as a novel binding receptor of HIV that may play a critical role in the pathogenicity of HIV and its immune suppression. Binding between human STRA6 (signaling receptor and transporter of retinol 6) receptor and HIV glycoprotein 120 (GP120) was studied through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation analysis. The results showed that the HIV surface glycoprotein (GP120) binds strongly and efficiently to the chain B of the STRA6 receptor at proximity to the RBP (retinol binding protein)- binding motif located in the receptor(ZDOCK score: 1924). From the MD simulation analysis, the binding energies were determined using MM/GBSA (Molecular mechanics with generalised Born and surface area solvation) and was found to be -841.2 kcal/mol signifying a high stability of the complex. It might be possible that HIV infects the thymus gland by binding of the surface glycoprotein (GP120) to the chain B of the membrane STRA6 receptor- a receptor of retinol /Vitamin A (VitA)- which is highly expressed on thymic gland and T cells, leading to retinol signaling disorder or retinol insufficiency which may lead to thymus gland damage and thymic dysfunction resulting in low CD4+ T cells in HIV patients. This study paves the way towards understanding the complex mechanism of HIV infection and its immune dysregulation and may lead to the discovery of new drug targets for management of HIV. More research is needed to fully understand the link between STRA6 receptor and HIV, and it is possible that future studies using animal models, including genetically modified animals, will provide further insights into the mechanisms by which STRA6 receptor play a role in HIV pathogenesis and progression.

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“…Vitamin A is important for normal immune function, and vitamin A deficiency is associated with profound defects in adaptive immunity and thereby infections ( Green and Mellanby, 1928 ; El-Zayat et al, 2018 ). Hence, vitamin A has been described as “the anti-infective vitamin” ( Green and Mellanby, 1928 ; El-Zayat et al, 2018 ; Wilhelm et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thymic Dysfunction and Atrophy in COVID-19 Disease Complicated by Inflammation, Malnutrition and Cachexia

Chiang¹,

Kalantar‐Zadeh

Gupta

2022

Nutr Health

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Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic has put millions of people, especially children at risk of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) by pushing them into poverty and disrupting the global food supply chain. The thymus is severely affected by nutritional deficiencies and is known as a barometer of malnutrition. Aim: The present commentary provides a novel perspective on the role of malnutrition-induced thymic dysfunction, involution and atrophy on the risk and severity of disease in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A review of pertinent indexed literature including studies examining the effects of malnutrition on the thymus and immune dysfunction in COVID-19. Results: Protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies of zinc, iron and vitamin A are known to promote thymic dysfunction and thymocyte loss in children. Malnutrition- and infection-induced thymic atrophy and immune dysfunction may increase the risk of first, progression of COVID-19 disease to more severe forms including development of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C); second, slow the recovery from COVID-19 disease; and third, increase the risk of other infections. Furthermore, malnourished children may be at increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection due to socioeconomic conditions that promote viral transmission amongst contacts and create barriers to vaccination. Conclusion: National governments and international organizations including WHO, World Food Program, and UNICEF should institute measures to ensure provision of food and micronutrients for children at risk in order to limit the health impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

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Effect of vitamin A deficiency on thymosin-β4 and CD4 concentrations

Cited by 8 publications

References 46 publications

Relationship of Vitamin A and Thyroid Function in Individuals With Obesity and After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Relationship of Vitamin A and Thyroid Function in Individuals With Obesity and After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy

Insilico discovering of STRA6 as a Novel Binding Receptor of Human Immunodeficiency (HIV)

Thymic Dysfunction and Atrophy in COVID-19 Disease Complicated by Inflammation, Malnutrition and Cachexia

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