Effect of vehicles on the transdermal delivery of melatonin across porcine skin in vitro

Melatonin-based pickering emulsion for skin's photoprotection

“…Besides lowering the skin barrier function, ethanol also increased the melatonin solubility in the vehicle. However, it should be noted that this data obtained using newborn pig skin cannot be translated to in vivo delivery in humans, as other factors significantly alter its permeation profile, such as cutaneous microvasculature, which prevents the accumulation of melatonin in the skin, and the cutaneous metabolism of fatty alcohols (Kikwai et al, 2002).…”

“…Finally, the presence of ethanol in the tested formulations also justifies the permeation enhancement. In fact, low molecular weight alkanols, like ethanol, act by enhancing the solubility of the drug in the SC lipid matrix by extraction of hydrophobic alcohols, disrupting its integrity (Kikwai et al, 2002;Marto et al, 2014). Besides lowering the skin barrier function, ethanol also increased the melatonin solubility in the vehicle.…”

A combined approach of chemical enhancers and sonophoresis for the transdermal delivery of tizanidine hydrochloride

“…This is most likely attributed to the excellent cosolvent property of ethanol, as reported earlier (Krishnaiah et al, 2002). Since solubility of drug in the donor solution is not generally correlated with flux when suspensions are used, this data would be useful for extrapolation to a commercial product where the total concentration of TIZ may not necessarily give a saturated solution (Twist and Zatz, 1986;Kikwai et al, 2002;Minghetti et al, 2007).…”

“…In the present study, Transcutol ® increased flux of TIZ and, from the available literature, it appears that the effect of Transcutol  may well depend on the nature of the drug being tested. Much of the literature reports a reduction in flux in the presence of Transcutol  ; however, these studies employed relatively hydrophobic drugs such as hydrocortisone, primaquine, dexamethasone, melatonin, glibenclamide, and glipizide (Kikwai et al, 2002;Minghetti et al, 2007;Panchagnula and Ritschel, 1991;Jeans and Heard, 1999;Zhao and Singh, 2000;Vaddi et al, 2001;Morimoto et al, 2002;Mayorga, 1996;Kogan and Garti, 2006;Udupa, 2002, 2003;Williams and Barry, 2004). In contrast, TIZ is a hydrophilic drug and increased permeation was observed in the presence of Transcutol ® which is in agreement with the results of Aboofazeli et al (2002) for another hydrophilic drug, nicardipine hydrochloride.…”

Effect of Vehicles on Topical Application of Aloe Vera and Arnica Montana Components

“…Contrary to popular belief, natural therapies are not necessarily safe, even if topical application is considered (1). In fact when herbal extracts are topically applied, a variety of parameters must be considered, such as effective release and possible absorption of the active agents, driven by the vehicle: modern pharmaceutical technology is able to give convincing answers to these questions (2).…”