Effect of varying machine ground pressure and traffic frequency on the physical properties of clay loam soils located in mountainous forests

Solgi, Ahmad; Naghdi, Ramin; Labelle, Eric R.; Tsioras, Petros A.; Nikooy, Mehrdad

doi:10.1080/14942119.2016.1226673

Cited by 12 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Other studies obtained different results, as reported in Solgi et al [97], comparing skidding operations with a light farm tractor (3 100 kg) and a skidder (11 500 kg) in clay loam soil. In this case study, the negative effects of traffic on soil properties in terms of bulk density, porosity and rut depth after the same number of passes were higher for skidder than tractor [97]. Similar results and conclusions are reported in Nikooy et al [99].…”

Section: Machine Choicementioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Machine Choicementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regarding machines, another important factor to mitigate the impacts on soil properties is strictly related with the importance in choosing the most suitable machine for specific worksite conditions [79,80,96,97]. In this context, the debate on the best choice between traditional or mechanized harvesting systems is very active, where "traditional" means low mechanized systems including the use of chainsaw for felling and processing, and farm tractors adapted for forestry for bunching and extraction [97][98][99]. In some cases, mechanization is considered better than traditional systems in terms of impacts on soils; Rejšek et al [98] applying a dynamic penetration test obtained lower effects operating with a three-axle harvester and four-axle forwarder than with a universal wheeled tractor.…”

Section: Machine Choicementioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategies to Mitigate the Effects of Soil Physical Disturbances Caused by Forest Machinery: a Comprehensive Review

et al. 2022

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Purpose of Review Ground-based mechanized forest operations can cause severe soil disturbances that are often long lasting and detrimental to the health of forested ecosystems. To reduce these soil disturbances, focus is being increasingly directed at identifying and using appropriate mitigation techniques. This systematic review considered 104 scientific articles and reported the main findings according to four core themes: terrain-related factors, operational planning, machine modifications, and types of amendments used to mitigate machine-induced soil impacts. Recent Findings For terrain-related factors, most severe disturbances occur on machine operating trails exceeding 20% slope and that soil bulk density and rut depth show greater increases in fine-textured soils. When considering operational planning, trafficability maps proved to be helpful in reducing the frequency and magnitude of soil damages as well as the length of trails needed within harvest sites, especially if they are regularly updated with weather information. Machine modifications, through high flotation tires, use of extra bogie axle, lower inflation pressure, and use of steel flexibles tracks, are highly researched topics because of the considerable upside in terms of machine ground pressure distribution and increased traction. Two main types of amendments emerged to mitigate soil disturbances: brush mats and mulch cover. Brush mats created from harvesting debris can spread the load of a machine to a greater area thereby lowering peak loads transferred to the soil. Brush mats of 15–20 kg m−2 are being recommended for adequate soil protection from harvesting operations. Summary To conclude, we outline recommendations and strategies on the use of soil mitigation techniques within cut-to-length forest operations. New research opportunities are also identified and discussed. Considering single factors causing machine-induced soil disturbances remains important but there is a pressing need for having a multi-disciplinary approach to tackle the complex problems associated with machine/soil/plant interactions.

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Section: Machine Choicementioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Machine Choicementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Machine Choicementioning

confidence: 99%

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Strategies to Mitigate the Effects of Soil Physical Disturbances Caused by Forest Machinery: a Comprehensive Review

et al. 2022

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“…Minimizing the risk for soil rutting at mechanized forest operations requires careful timing, route planning and selection of vehicle equipment (McDonald et al 1995;Ala-Ilomäki et al 2011;Solgi et al 2016). Recently, novel Geographic Information System (GIS)-based tools have been presented that could assist forest managers and machine operators in making better decisions on route planning and timing of operations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wheel rut measurements by forest machine-mounted LiDAR sensors – accuracy and potential for operational applications?

Salmivaara

Miettinen²,

Finér

et al. 2018

International Journal of Forest Engineering

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Soil rutting caused by forest operations has negative economic and ecological effects and thus limits for rutting are set by forest laws and sustainability criteria. Extensive data on rut depths are necessary for post-harvest quality control and development of models that link environmental conditions to rut formation. This study explored the use of a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor mounted on a forest harvester and forwarder to measure rut depths in real harvesting conditions in Southern Finland. LiDAR-derived rut depths were compared to manually measured rut depths. The results showed that at 10-20 m spatial resolution, the LiDAR method can provide unbiased estimates of rut depth with root mean square error (RMSE) < 3.5 cm compared to the manual rut depth measurements. The results suggest that a LiDAR sensor mounted on a forest vehicle can in future provide a viable method for the large-scale collection of rut depth data as part of normal forestry operations.

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“…Considerable development work has been done in this field (Högnäs 1997;Ala-Ilomäki et al 2011), and bogie tracks have played an important role in reducing rut formation. Minimizing the risk of soil rutting in mechanized forest operations still requires careful timing, route planning and selection of harvesting equipment (Ala-Ilomäki et al 2011;Solgi et al 2016), and there is a need to investigate the effects of the most recent developments in track and forwarder designs on rut formation on soft soils. In this context, the aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different models of bogie tracks and vehicle design on rut formation on peatlands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of bogie track and forwarder design on rut formation in a peatland

Ala‐Ilomäki

Lindeman

Mola‐Yudego

et al. 2021

International Journal of Forest Engineering

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The effect of forest machinery on the rut formation on extraction trails is an important aspect of forest operations. The aim of this study was to compare how track design and vehicle configuration affects rut formation on straight and curved test trails with no slash mats on peatland. Rut depth was observed from five machine-track combinations on several test plots after several passes and two different trail configurations, straight and curve. The observations (N = 760) were modeled using a mixed model approach to include the variation between the combinations. The results show that rut depth decreases exponentially with soil shear modulus, increases linearly with the number of passes and is not affected with the trail section configuration. The overall coefficient of determination is R 2 = 0.55. A first generation Ponsse Elk with Fomatec tracks (EFwo) showed the lowest rut formation, followed by a first generation Ponsse Elk with Fomatec tracks equipped with add-on track shoes (EFw), a Ponsse Buffalo with KOPA high flotation tracks (Kopa) and a Ponsse Elk 10 W with Olofsfors mixed tracks (E10W), while a Ponsse Elk with long wheelbase bogie and Olofsfors high-flotation tracks (LWB) showed the deepest rut formation. Vehicle dynamics on peatlands are still far from being fully understood and the paper highlights the complexity of the interactions of the variables studied while providing a valid modeling tool with applications in planning of forest operations and simulation.

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Effect of varying machine ground pressure and traffic frequency on the physical properties of clay loam soils located in mountainous forests

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

Strategies to Mitigate the Effects of Soil Physical Disturbances Caused by Forest Machinery: a Comprehensive Review

Strategies to Mitigate the Effects of Soil Physical Disturbances Caused by Forest Machinery: a Comprehensive Review

Wheel rut measurements by forest machine-mounted LiDAR sensors – accuracy and potential for operational applications?

The effect of bogie track and forwarder design on rut formation in a peatland

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