Effect of varying conditions of fear on immobility reactions in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus).

Gallup, Gordon G.; Nash, Richard F.; Potter, Randolph J.; Donegan, Nelson H.

doi:10.1037/h0030227

Cited by 64 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 5 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…The application of standard fear-induction procedures such as electric shock (Gallup, Creekmore, & Hili, 1970) and loud noise (Gallup, Nash, Potter, & Donegan, 1970), as weil as confrontation with potential predators , have all been shown to reliably enhance immobility reactions in young chicks.…”

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confidence: 99%

The effects of a tranquilizer on the immobility reaction in chickens: Additional support for the fear hypothesis

1971

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confidence: 99%

The effects of a tranquilizer on the immobility reaction in chickens: Additional support for the fear hypothesis

1971

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“…It appears to be a fear response (review by Ratner, 1967). Support for the fear hypothesis has been found in chickens, lizards, and frogs by presenting animals with a noxious stimulus (shock or noise) prior to testing for immobility (Nash, Gallup, & McClure, 1970;Edson & Gallup, 1972;Gallup, Nash, Potter, & Donegan, 1970). Injection of adrenalin prior to testing also increases susceptibility to, and duration of, the response (Braud & Ginsburg, 1973a).…”

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confidence: 97%

Development of the immobility response (animal hypnosis) in two species of deermice (Peromyscus)

Vestal

1975

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…This response is caused by a hereditary genetic disorder (congenital 261 myotonia, Clark, 1939), although physiological correlates of this state have not been 262 investigated. In birds (chicks unless otherwise specified), a variety of aversive manipulations 263 before TI induction increase the TI duration and/or propensity of the bird to display the TI 264 state, including exposure to electric shocks or to conditioned stimulus signalling shocks 265 (Gallup et al, 1970;Gallup, 1973), rough handling (bird inverted for 30s: laying hens and 266 broilers, Jones, 1992), and exposure to loud noise (Gallup et al, 1970). While freezing in 267 rodents appears to be a risk-assessment behaviour to a (perceived) distant threat (Blanchard et 268 al., 2011), TI happens following physical restraint, and has been suggested to be an anti-269 predation response even after the animal has been captured.…”

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confidence: 99%

What can inactivity (in its various forms) reveal about affective states in non-human animals? A review

Fureix

Meagher

2015

Applied Animal Behaviour Science

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Captive / domestic animals are often described as inactive, with the implicit or explicit implication that this high level of inactivity is a welfare problem. Conversely, not being inactive enough may also indicate or cause poor welfare. In humans, too much inactivity can certainly be associated with either negative or positive affective states. In non-human animals, however, the affective states associated with elevated or suppressed levels of inactivity are still not well understood. Part of the complexity is due to the fact that there are many different forms of inactivity, each likely associated with very different affective states. This paper has two aims. One is to identify specific forms of inactivity that can be used as indicators of specific affective states in animals. The other is to identify issues that need to be resolved before we could validly use the remaining, not yet validated forms of inactivity as indicators of affective state. We briefly discuss how inactivity is defined and assessed in the literature, and then how inactivity in its various forms relates to affective (either negative or positive) states in animals, basing our reasoning on linguistic reports of affective states collected from humans displaying inactivity phenotypically similar to that displayed by animals in similar situations, and, when possible, on pharmacological validation. Specific forms of inactivity expressed in response to perceived threats (freezing, tonic immobility, and hiding) appear to be, to date, the best-validated indicators of specific affective states in animals. We also identify a number of specific forms of inactivity likely to reflect either negative (associated with ill-heath, boredom-like, and depression-like conditions), or positive states (e.g. 'sunbasking', post-consummatory inactivity), although further research is warranted before we could use those forms as indicators of the affective states. We further discuss the relationship between increased inactivity and affective states by presenting misleading situations likely to yield wrong conclusions. We conclude that more attention should be paid to inactivity in animal welfare studies: specific forms of inactivity identified in this paper are, or have the potential to be, useful indicators of affective (welfare) states in animals. Other specific forms are likely to be linked with either negative or positive states. What can inactivity (in its variousWe propose further research directions to further validate those forms of inactivity. Captive / domestic animals are often described as inactive, with the implicit or explicit 16 implication that this high level of inactivity is a welfare problem. Conversely, not being 17 inactive enough may also indicate or cause poor welfare. In humans, too much inactivity can 18 certainly be associated with either negative or positive affective states. In non-human 19 animals, however, the affective states associated with elevated or suppressed levels of 20 inactivity are still not well understood. 21Part of ...

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Effect of varying conditions of fear on immobility reactions in domestic chickens (Gallus gallus).

Cited by 64 publications

References 5 publications

The effects of a tranquilizer on the immobility reaction in chickens: Additional support for the fear hypothesis

The effects of a tranquilizer on the immobility reaction in chickens: Additional support for the fear hypothesis

Development of the immobility response (animal hypnosis) in two species of deermice (Peromyscus)

What can inactivity (in its various forms) reveal about affective states in non-human animals? A review

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