Effect of Various Sugars and Sugar Substitutes on Dental Caries in Hamsters and Rats

Frostell, G; Keyes, Paul H.; Larson, Ronald E.

doi:10.1093/jn/93.1.65

Cited by 139 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…On the other hand, some reports indicate that honey sugars have fewer cariogenic properties than sucrose. Frostell and colleagues reported a lower caries incidence in hamsters and rats when they substituted sucrose for a mixture of glucose, fructose, and maltose (13). In another study, authors have reported a lower caries incidence (represented by lower decayed, missed, and filled per tooth surface [DMFS] values) for fructose than sucrose in a 2-year clinical trial (30).…”

Section: Fig 4 S Mutans Viability Presented As Numbers Of Cfu In a Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Honey on Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation

Nassar

Gregory

2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Because of the tradition of using honey as an antimicrobial medicament, we investigated the effect of natural honey (NH) on Streptococcus mutans growth, viability, and biofilm formation compared to that of an artificial honey (AH). AH contained the sugars at the concentrations reported for NH. NH and AH concentrations were obtained by serial dilution with tryptic soy broth (TSB). Several concentrations of NH and AH were tested for inhibition of bacterial growth, viability, and biofilm formation after inoculation with S. mutans UA159 in 96-well microtiter plates to obtain absorbance and CFU values. Overall, NH supported significantly less (P < 0.05) bacterial growth than AH at 25 and 12.5% concentrations. At 50 and 25% concentrations, both honey groups provided significantly less bacterial growth and biofilm formation than the TSB control. For bacterial viability, the results for all honey concentrations except 50% NH were not significantly different from those for the TSB control. NH was able to decrease the maximum velocity of S. mutans growth compared to AH. In summary, NH demonstrated more inhibition of bacterial growth, viability, and biofilm formation than AH. This study highlights the potential antibacterial properties of NH and could suggest that the antimicrobial mechanism of NH is not solely due to its high sugar content.H oney has been used as a source of nutrients as well as a medicine since ancient times (3). Recent publications indicating the effect of honey in the management of certain conditions have rekindled interest in honey as a natural therapeutic agent. For example, honey can be used as a temporary dressing in burns (20). It has also been found to be effective in the management of radiation-induced mucositis in patients receiving head and neck radiotherapy (26). In addition, Robson and colleagues recorded accelerated healing when honey was used as a wound dressing material in a randomized clinical trial (28).The antibacterial properties of honey have been well documented (37). However, the specific antimicrobial mechanism of honey is still unclear (7). Among the possible mechanisms are the presence of inhibitory factors such as flavonoids (16) and hydrogen peroxide (35, 36), low pH (38), and high osmolarity due to its sugar concentration (38).Honey may have a similar antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans, which is considered the main causative organism of dental caries (21). S. mutans along with other oral bacteria forms on the tooth surface a microbial community surrounded by extracellular matrix and salivary proteins (22), collectively known as dental biofilm. Cariogenic bacteria within this biofilm utilize dietary sugars and produce lactic acid as a by-product (34). This acid attacks and demineralizes the tooth structure, leading to decay.Very limited studies have investigated the effect of honey on S. mutans. These studies investigated the effect of honey on several strains of oral bacteria (7). Here, we tried to explore the effect of honey on the growth and viability of S. mutans...

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Section: Fig 4 S Mutans Viability Presented As Numbers Of Cfu In a Lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Honey on Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation

Nassar

Gregory

2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…By their slow accumulation in dental plaque and slower oral digestion, starch could have a relative low cariogenicity and its importance as a factor of caries depends on the simultaneous intake with sucrose as well as the frequency of its consumption (Frostell et al, 1967). Thus, starch has been defined as "co-cariogenic", especially when it is gelatinized by thermal effect (Grenby, 1997).…”

Section: Diet and The "Main Villain" In The Raise Of Caries Throughoumentioning

confidence: 99%

Caries Through Time: An Anthropological Overview

Pezo‐Lanfranco¹,

Eggers²

2012

Contemporary Approach to Dental Caries

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“…The oral streptococci are also cariogenic in animal models when the diet contains acidogenic carbohydrates other than sucrose. These carbohydrates include lactose and starch, which are major constituents of the human diet, as well as less prevalent carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, and maltose (18). Since lactose is present in high concentrations in bovine milk and is generally consumed by humans in large quantities throughout life, or at least during the preadolescent or "caries-prone" years, it can be considered a dietary carbohydrate of significant importance in cariogenesis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the lacR, lacABCD, and lacFE genes encoding the repressor, tagatose 6-phosphate gene cluster, and sugar-specific phosphotransferase system components of the lactose operon of Streptococcus mutans

Rosey

Stewart

1992

J Bacteriol

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The complete nucleotide sequences of lacRABCDF and partial nucleotide sequence of lacE from the lactose operon of Streptococcus mutans are presented. (Mr 11,401), and 123 (NH2-terminal) amino acids, respectively. As inferred from their direct homology to the staphylococcal bc genes, these determinants would encode the repressor of the streptococcal lactose operon (LacR), galactose-6-phosphate isomerase (LacA and LacB), tagatose-6-phosphate kinase (LacC), tagatose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (LacD), and the sugar-specific components enzyme M-lactose (LacF) and enzyme U-lactose (LacE) of the S. mutans phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system. The nucleotide sequence encompassing the S. mutans lac promoter appears to contain repeat elements analogous to those of S. aureus, suggesting that repression and catabolite repression of the lactose operons may be similar in these organisms.Streptococcus mutans is known to attach to and colonize the tooth pellicle and peridontium of humans, where the utilization of dietary sucrose leads to the formation of dental plaque (20). The fermentative metabolism of these and other oral microorganisms yields lactic acid, which acts directly and indirectly upon the teeth and peridontium, ultimately causing caries and peridontal disease (12). The oral streptococci are also cariogenic in animal models when the diet contains acidogenic carbohydrates other than sucrose. These carbohydrates include lactose and starch, which are major constituents of the human diet, as well as less prevalent carbohydrates such as glucose, fructose, and maltose (18). Since lactose is present in high concentrations in bovine milk and is generally consumed by humans in large quantities throughout life, or at least during the preadolescent or "caries-prone" years, it can be considered a dietary carbohydrate of significant importance in cariogenesis. If the virulence of S. mutans is dependent upon its metabolic potential (12), it appears that a thorough understanding of not only sucrose but also lactose metabolism is essential before effective measures to eliminate dental caries in humans can be designed. Lactose catabolism by several oral streptococcal strains has been shown to proceed via two mechanistically distinct pathways. For some isolates, such as Streptococcus salivarius 25975 (22), the metabolism of lactose appears to proceed mainly by hydrolysis of the disaccharide via P-galactosidase to glucose and galactose (although significant lactose-phosphotransferase system [PTS] activity is induced upon growth on lactose). The latter hexose is then converted to glucose 6-phosphate via the Leloir pathway (29): D-galactose --D-galactose 1-phosphate -* D-glucose 1-phosphate -* D-glucose 6-phosphate. In S. mutans, low or negligible levels of 1-galactosidase activity are detectable (22). In this organism, galactose is phosphorylated during vectorial transport of galactose or lactose by the phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent PTS (13) and is then metabolized via the tagatose 6-phosphate pathway as described f...

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Effect of Various Sugars and Sugar Substitutes on Dental Caries in Hamsters and Rats

Cited by 139 publications

References 13 publications

Effect of Honey on Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation

Effect of Honey on Streptococcus mutans Growth and Biofilm Formation

Caries Through Time: An Anthropological Overview

Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the lacR, lacABCD, and lacFE genes encoding the repressor, tagatose 6-phosphate gene cluster, and sugar-specific phosphotransferase system components of the lactose operon of Streptococcus mutans

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