Effect of Various Deep Eutectic Solvents on the Sustainable Synthesis of MgFe₂O₄ Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Electrochemical Determination of Nitrofurantoin and 4-Nitrophenol

Abstract

The innovations in the field of green chemistry have expedited the pace of advances in varied research areas ranging from the development of diverse routes for the material synthesis to designer solvents. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) integrating the metrics and principles of sustainability substitute the traditional hazardous and volatile reagents, which is significantly attracting the attention of research and industrial sectors. In view of that, we introduce deep eutectic-mediated solid-state synthesis of phase-pure magnesium ferrite nanoparticles at a temperature of 500 °C for the simultaneous detection of nitrofurantoin and 4-nitrophenol. The influence of five different DESs on the effectual formation, structure, and composition of magnesium ferrite nanoparticles was investigated through various techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) techniques are employed to evaluate the electrochemical behavior of as-synthesized samples toward the electrochemical detection of nitrofurantoin and 4-nitrophenol. Comparatively, the choline chloride and fructose DES-assisted nanometric magnesium ferrite (MgFe2O4)-modified electrode exhibits a higher sensitivity, lower detection limits (NFT = 33 nM and 4-NP = 7 nM), a linear range (0–342.6 μM), an excellent selectivity, and a good reproducibility. The practical applicability of the fabricated sensor was studied in water and fruit samples and thus affords satisfactory results for NFT and 4-NP detection.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Performance of graphene-zinc oxide nanocomposite coated-glassy carbon electrode in the sensitive determination of para-nitrophenol

“…All these things make it an ideal supporting material 31 , 35 . Nickel-based nanocomposite and MgFe 2 O 4 NPs have also been found to be worthy electrocatalysts for the reduction of p-nitrophenol 36 , 37 . Nanocomposites based on carbon-nanotubes adorned with various metals like platinum, silver, mono-metallic and bi-metallic-gold also exhibit exceptional electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of p-NP 31 , 38 , 39 , but their small earth richness and high cost inhibit their useful applications.…”

Ionic liquids and deep eutectics as a transformative platform for the synthesis of nanomaterials

“…Spinel ferrites of the form MFe 2 O 4 (M = Mg, Zn, Co, Ni) were synthesised at much lower reaction temperatures than comparable techniques by using a ChCl:maleic/malonic/oxalic acid, or ChCl:urea or ChCl:EG DES. 332,333 Jiang et al used a ChCl:triethanolamine DES to template a 3D porous nanostructure for NaTi 2 (PO 4 ) 3 , interesting as an anode for sodium-ion batteries once calcined with sucrose to cast it onto a carbon substrate. 334 In a control experiment, it was shown that aqueous mixtures of the HBD and salt respectively formed prismatic and globular nanoparticles.…”

Bi2O3 Nanoparticles Decorated Carbon Nanotube: An Effective Nanoelectrode for Enhanced Electrocatalytic 4-Nitrophenol Reduction

“…Among these, carbon nanotubes have drawn attention since their inception in 1991, because of their unique properties including excellent electrical conductivity, large surface area, high electron density, exceptionally high mechanical and chemical stability, all of which makes them an ideal supporting material (Umar et al, 2016;Liu et al, 2018). Furthermore, the Ni based nanocomposite, MgFe 2 O 4 NPs proved to be a good electrocatalyst for 4nanoparticles (NPs) reduction (Baby et al, 2019;Mejri et al, 2019). Carbon nanotubes decorated with metals like Pt, Pd, Ag, monometallic-Au, and bimetallic-Au show excellent electrocatalytic activity toward nitrophenols (Liu et al, 2015;Umar et al, 2016;Sun et al, 2017;Dhanasekaran et al, 2019;Ding et al, 2019), but their low earth abundance and high cost inhibits their practical applicability.…”