Effect of vaccination with phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii vaccines in pregnant goats

Arricau‐Bouvery, Nathalie; Souriau, Armel; Bodier, Christelle; Dufour, Philippe; Rousset, Élodie; Rodolakis, Annie

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.04.010

Cited by 132 publications

(138 citation statements)

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“…Low levels of C. burnetii DNA were also detected in milk (C T Ͼ30.5), which fits with the prevailing opinion among experts that sheep shed lower burdens of C. burnetii in milk than do cows and goats (3). We also confirmed that vaginal and fecal shedding durations varied among ewes (17,20) and that shedding may be discontinuous, as in goats (19,23,25,26,37) and cows (18,24). The latter finding suggests that the number of C. burnetii shedders may be underestimated if only one shedding route is investigated and/or if the animals are not repeatedly tested over time.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

“…However, longitudinal follow-up studies performed on cattle (18,24) and goat (21,(25)(26)(27) farms have been particularly valuable in providing descriptive data on individual shedding patterns and revealing the factors that may affect shedding dynamics. To date, no such study exists for sheep, despite the fact that sheep are frequently associated with clusters of human Q fever cases in European countries (28)(29)(30).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Circulation of Coxiella burnetii in a Naturally Infected Flock of Dairy Sheep: Shedding Dynamics, Environmental Contamination, and Genotype Diversity

Joulié

Laroucau

Bailly

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Q fever is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii. Domestic ruminants are considered to be the main reservoir. Sheep, in particular, may frequently cause outbreaks in humans. Because within-flock circulation data are essential to implementing optimal management strategies, we performed a follow-up study of a naturally infected flock of dairy sheep. We aimed to (i) describe C. burnetii shedding dynamics by sampling vaginal mucus, feces, and milk, (ii) assess circulating strain diversity, and (iii) quantify barn environmental contamination. For 8 months, we sampled vaginal mucus and feces every 3 weeks from aborting and nonaborting ewes (n ‫؍‬ 11 and n ‫؍‬ 26, respectively); for lactating females, milk was obtained as well. We also sampled vaginal mucus from nine ewe lambs. Dust and air samples were collected every 3 and 6 weeks, respectively. All samples were screened using real-time PCR, and strongly positive samples were further analyzed using quantitative PCR. Vaginal and fecal samples with sufficient bacterial burdens were then genotyped by multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) using 17 markers. C. burnetii burdens were higher in vaginal mucus and feces than in milk, and they peaked in the first 3 weeks postabortion or postpartum. Primiparous females and aborting females tended to shed C. burnetii longer and have higher bacterial burdens than nonaborting and multiparous females. Six genotype clusters were identified; they were independent of abortion status, and within-individual genotype diversity was observed. C. burnetii was also detected in air and dust samples. Further studies should determine whether the within-flock circulation dynamics observed here are generalizable.Q fever is a widespread zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, a Gram-negative intracellular bacterium that has been reported in a broad range of host species. Livestock, especially small ruminants, are the main sources of human infections (1-3). In domestic ruminants, Q fever's major clinical manifestations are abortions and stillbirths, whose occurrence may translate into significant economic losses (1, 3). In humans, C. burnetii infections range from asymptomatic to severe. Acute forms of the disease may result in high fevers and severe pneumonia or hepatitis, and chronic forms are strongly debilitating and may be fatal when endocarditis develops in patients with underlying heart disease (4-6).Animals and humans become infected essentially through the inhalation of airborne particles contaminated with C. burnetii (3,7,8). Contaminated dust particles may remain infectious for long periods of time due to the capacity of the bacterium to differentiate into highly resistant spore-like forms (9, 10). Consequently, knowledge of C. burnetii's sources and shedding dynamics is essential to assessing the risks of disease transmission and pathogen persistence. On livestock farms, C. burnetii DNA has been found in various environmental matrices, such as dust (11-13) and aerosols (14-16). However, studies that examin...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 77%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulation of Coxiella burnetii in a Naturally Infected Flock of Dairy Sheep: Shedding Dynamics, Environmental Contamination, and Genotype Diversity

Joulié

Laroucau

Bailly

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…Our finding that 45% of cows in this commercial herd were CbPCR positive in milk samples is consistent with these previous reports. To the best of our knowledge, only two studies have compared results of PCR detection of C. burnetii in milk with bacteria viability assays by mouse inoculation [2,24]. While these two studies demonstrate PCR positive milk samples contain viable organisms, additional studies are needed to determine how PCR based detection relates to the potential infectiousness of C. burnetii in milk samples, or the sensitivity and specificity of PCR relative to inoculation or antigen detection assays.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PCR has been used to identify shedding patterns of C. burnetii DNA in ruminant milk [1,2,6,9], although it is currently unclear whether shedding in milk is related to mammary specific manifestations of infection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association betweenCoxiella burnetii shedding in milkand subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle

et al. 2008

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-The objective of this research was to explore the potential association between Coxiella burnetii shedding in milk and chronic subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. In two separate studies, we identified an association between PCR-based detection of C. burnetii in milk and chronic subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows. These studies were conducted in a commercial dairy herd where there was ongoing intensive monitoring of subclinical mastitis by aerobic bacteriology, but no prior knowledge or management of C. burnetii infections. In a case-control study, quarter level C. burnetii status determined by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was strongly associated with chronic subclinical mastitis as measured by milk somatic cell counts. In a subsequent cross sectional study, 147 (45%) of 325 lactating cows were positive for C. burnetii by RT-qPCR of composite milk samples. In a generalized linear model, accounting for the effect of covariates including aerobic intramammary infection status, C. burnetii PCR status was a significant predictor of linear somatic cell count score. In agreement with a small number of previous reports, this research provides evidence that there may be mammary gland specific manifestations of C. burnetii infections in dairy cattle. Coxiella burnetii / dairy cattle / mastitis

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“…tetracyclines) are recognised to reduce the incidence of abortions but do not prevent Coxiella burnetii shedding [25,35]. Recent experimental results obtained in vaccinated and then challenged dairy goats [4] using a phase I vaccine demonstrated a drastic reduction of Coxiella burnetii shedding. However, to our knowledge, the efficiency of this vaccine to prevent Coxiella burnetii shedding and to reduce the shed bacterial burden in infected cows has never been assessed in naturally-infected dairy cows.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shedding routes ofCoxiella burnetiiin dairy cows: implications for detection and control

et al. 2006

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-Reliable detection of Coxiella burnetii shedders is a critical point for the control of the spread of this bacterium among animals and from animals to humans. Coxiella burnetii is shed by ruminants mainly by birth products (placenta, birth fluids), but may also be shed by vaginal mucus, milk, and faeces, urine and semen. However, the informative value of these types of samples to identify shedders under field conditions is unknown. Our aim was then to describe the responses obtained using a real-time PCR technique applied to milk, vaginal mucus and faeces samples taken from 242 dairy cows in commercial dairy herds known to be naturally infected with Coxiella burnetii, and to assess their putative associations. Positive results were found in all types of tested samples even in faeces. No predominant shedding route was identified. Among the shedder cows, 65.4% were detected as shedders by only one route. By contrast, cows with positive results for all three samples were scarce (less than 7%). Testing a cow based on only one type of biological sample may lead to misclassify it with regards to its shedding of Coxiella burnetii and thereby underestimate the risk of bacterial spread within a herd. dairy cows / Coxiella burnetii / shedding routes / real-time PCR / Q fever

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Effect of vaccination with phase I and phase II Coxiella burnetii vaccines in pregnant goats

Cited by 132 publications

References 44 publications

Circulation of Coxiella burnetii in a Naturally Infected Flock of Dairy Sheep: Shedding Dynamics, Environmental Contamination, and Genotype Diversity

Circulation of Coxiella burnetii in a Naturally Infected Flock of Dairy Sheep: Shedding Dynamics, Environmental Contamination, and Genotype Diversity

Association betweenCoxiella burnetii shedding in milkand subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle

Shedding routes ofCoxiella burnetiiin dairy cows: implications for detection and control

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