Effect of using chlorine-containing precursors in the synthesis of FeNi-filled carbon nanotubes

Lv, Ruitao; Kang, Feiyu; Wang, Wenxiang; Wei, Jinquan; Gu, Jing; Wang, Kunlin; Wu, Dehai

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2007.03.032

Cited by 78 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…54 Synthesis of CNTs over a Fe-Ni catalyst was achieved using chlorinated benzenes and it was observed that the hollow degree of the CNTs increased with an increase in Cl content in the feed, which resulted in the CNTs being filled with a Fe-Ni alloy. 51 Previous work in our group has also shown that the use of chlorobenzene can facilitate growth of CNTs with a large inner cavity. 53 The participation of Cl was found to play an important role in the synthesis of turbostratic CNFs by pyrolysis of a 1,2-dichloroethane/ethanol mixture in the presence of a nickel catalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Modification of CNTs has thus led to the creation of new functional and construction materials. 11 Doping of the carbonaceous materials with non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] boron, [20][21][22][23][24] sulphur, [25][26][27][28][29] oxygen [30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and halogens 11,[37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55] has been explored over the past two decades. Modification of the carbon surface and electronic properties has also been explored but the effect of chlorine (Cl) on the morphology of carbon nanomaterials is not well established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…49,50 The presence of chlorine atoms thus produces materials with increased inner diameters, which results in filling of CNTs with metal particles [51][52][53] and provides a chemically modified pathway to an ordered carbon product. 48,49,54 Liquid chlorination of multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) gave a Cl loading of about 0.23 at.% 40 based on EDS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The synthesis of carbon nanomaterials using chlorinated hydrocarbons over a Fe-Co/CaCO3 catalyst

Maboya¹,

Coville²,

Mhlanga³

2016

S.Afr.j.chem.

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The effect of chlorine on the morphology of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) prepared from a Fe-Co/CaCO 3 catalyst was investigated using chlorobenzene (CB), dichlorobenzene (DCB), trichlorobenzene (TCB), dichloroethane (DCE), trichloroethane (TCE) and tetrachloroethane (TTCE) as chlorine sources using a catalytic chemical vapour deposition (CCVD) method. Toluene was used as a chlorine-free carbon source for comparison. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were successfully synthesized. The physicochemical properties of the CNTs were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The inner and outer diameters of the MWCNTs increased with an increase in the number of chlorine atoms contained in the reactant. Chlorine incorporation into the MWCNTs was observed by EDS analysis for all reactants. Formation of 'bamboo-like' structures for the MWCNTs generated from TCE and TTCE was also observed, facilitated by the presence of the high percentage of chlorine in these reactants. Numerous MWCNTs revealed the presence of small carbon nanostructures that grew on top of the dominant CNTs, suggesting an unexpected secondary carbon growth mechanism.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The synthesis of carbon nanomaterials using chlorinated hydrocarbons over a Fe-Co/CaCO3 catalyst

Maboya¹,

Coville²,

Mhlanga³

2016

S.Afr.j.chem.

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“…This is surprising since Fe3C and Ni3C are considered essential intermediates for MWCNT growth [41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] . Previous reports of this synthesis using conventional solid-and liquid-source CVD do not comment on the absence of Ni3C and Fe3C in the final product nor attempt to describe the growth mechanism [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] . The absence of Fe3C and Ni3C diffraction peaks in Fig.5 suggests that 45 there is direct formation of FeNi alloys without the intermediate metal carbide formation, or MWCNT growth is driven by the carbon supply from an unstable carbide that decomposes that high rate.…”

Section: Characterisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boundary layer chemical vapour synthesis of self-organised ferromagnetically filled radial-carbon-nanotube structures

et al. 2014

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Boundary layer chemical vapour synthesis is a new technique that exploits random fluctuations in the viscous boundary layer between a laminar flow of pyrolysed metallocene vapour and a rough substrate to yield ferromagnetically filled radial-carbon-nanotube structures departing from a core agglomeration of spherical nanocrystals individually encapsulated by graphitic shells. The fluctuations create the thermodynamic conditions for the formation of the central agglomeration in the vapour which subsequently defines the spherically symmetric diffusion gradient that initiates the radial growth. The radial growth is driven by the supply of vapour feedstock by local diffusion gradients created by endothermic graphitic-carbon formation at the vapour-facing tips of the individual nanotubes and is halted by contact with the isothermal substrate. The radial structures are the dominant product and the reaction conditions are self-sustaining. Ferrocene pyrolysis yields three common components in the nanowire encapsulated by multiwall carbon nanotubes, Fe3C, α-Fe, and γ-Fe. Magnetic tuning in this system can be achieved through the magnetocrystalline and shape anisotropies of the encapsulated nanowire. Here we demonstrate proof that alloying of the encapsulated nanowire is an additional approach to tuning of the magnetic properties of these structures by synthesis of radial-carbon-nanotube structures with γ-FeNi encapsulated nanowires.

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“…Interestingly, even isolated permalloy nanoparticles inside CNTs displayed prominent magnetic anisotropy with an easy magnetization direction along the CNT axis. In addition, elongated nanowire-like Fe-Ni alloy nanostructures were obtained using chlorobenzene as the carbon precursor [36]. In 2003, one of the authors identified a quaternary alloy encapsulated within tubular carbon shells [37].…”

Section: Cnts Filled With Metals and Alloysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent developments in inorganically filled carbon nanotubes: successes and challenges

Gautam

Costa²,

Bando

et al. 2010

Science and Technology of Advanced Materials

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a unique class of nanomaterials that can be imagined as rolled graphene sheets. The inner hollow of a CNT provides an extremely small, one-dimensional space for storage of materials. In the last decade, enormous effort has been spent to produce filled CNTs that combine the properties of both the host CNT and the guest filling material. CNTs filled with various inorganic materials such as metals, alloys, semiconductors and insulators have been obtained using different synthesis approaches including capillary filling and chemical vapor deposition. Recently, several potential applications have emerged for these materials, such as the measurement of temperature at the nanoscale, nano-spot welding, and the storage and delivery of extremely small quantities of materials. A clear distinction between this class of materials and other nanostructures is the existence of an enormous interfacial area between the CNT and the filling matter. Theoretical investigations have shown that the lattice mismatch and strong exchange interaction of CNTs with the guest material across the interface should result in reordering of the guest crystal structure and passivation of the surface dangling bonds and thus yielding new and interesting physical properties. Despite preliminary successes, there remain many challenges in realizing applications of CNTs filled with inorganic materials, such as a comprehensive understanding of their growth and physical properties and control of their structural parameters. In this article, we overview research on filled CNT nanomaterials with special emphasis on recent progress and key achievements. We also discuss the future scope and the key challenges emerging out of a decade of intensive research on these fascinating materials.

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Effect of using chlorine-containing precursors in the synthesis of FeNi-filled carbon nanotubes

Cited by 78 publications

References 10 publications

The synthesis of carbon nanomaterials using chlorinated hydrocarbons over a Fe-Co/CaCO3 catalyst

The synthesis of carbon nanomaterials using chlorinated hydrocarbons over a Fe-Co/CaCO3 catalyst

Boundary layer chemical vapour synthesis of self-organised ferromagnetically filled radial-carbon-nanotube structures

Recent developments in inorganically filled carbon nanotubes: successes and challenges

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