Effect of urea on gas and effluent losses, microbial populations, aerobic stability and chemical compositivo of corn (Zea mays L.) silage

Santos, Ana Paula Maia dos; Santos, Edson Mauro; Oliveira, Juliana Silva de; Carvalho, Gleidson Giordano Pinto de; Araújo, Gherman Garcia Leal de; Zanine, A. M.; Pinho, Ricardo Martins Araújo; Ferreira, Daniele de Jesus; Macêdo, Alberto Jefferson da Silva; Alves, Joyce Pereira

doi:10.48162/rev.39.030

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Among the additives, urea promoted lower levels of butyric acid (0.91ppm). This result agrees with the studies by Santos et al (2021), who found a lower concentration in corn silage with a higher share of urea (0.29g kg -1 DM) and a higher concentration of butyric acid in silage without urea (0.39g kg -1 DM).…”

Section: Arqsupporting

confidence: 93%

Fermentative profile of corn silages with the inclusion of chemical additives or bacterial inoculant

Zanella

Rommel

Turmina

et al. 2022

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of chemical additives or bacterial inoculant in corn silage. The experimental design was completely randomized with five treatments: silage without additive; silage added with urea (3.0%); silage with limestone (3.0%); silage added with crystal sugar (3.0%); and silage with a bacterial inoculant. Five of them were opened during the fermentation process (15 days) to measure pH, and three were opened 60 days after ensiling to evaluate the ammonia nitrogen and organic acids content. For the pH at the end of the fermentation process, higher values were found for the limestone additive, followed by the silage with urea, which had higher participation of lactic acid, 19.06 ppm for limestone and 18.95 ppm for urea. Higher concentrations of acetic acid were observed in inoculant silages (18.49ppm) or silage without additive (18.46ppm). The ammonia nitrogen content was higher in the silage with urea (23.74mg dL-1), followed by the silage without additive (7.54mg dL-1), which also had the highest concentration of butyric acid (4.19ppm). The use of additives reduced the concentration of butyric acid in the silage. The bacterial inoculant was the most efficient in decreasing the pH of the ensiled material.

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Section: Arqsupporting

confidence: 93%

Fermentative profile of corn silages with the inclusion of chemical additives or bacterial inoculant

Zanella

Rommel

Turmina

et al. 2022

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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“…Apart from T-2 toxin, none of the listed mycotoxins in table 1 exceeded the maximum permitted limit set by the European Union. Several authors paid attention to the effect of urea addition (Santos et al, 2021;Fiantok, 2020;Kaewpila et al, 2020;Santos et al, 2020;Zamir et al, 2020;Santos et al, 2018;Kang et al, 2018;Kebede et al, 2018), but monitored the changes in nutritional…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of additives on mycotoxic contamination of maize silages

Kalúzová¹,

Juráček²,

Bíro³

et al. 2022

JCEA

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Addition of silage additives is commonly concentrated on the improvement of nutritive and fermentative features of silages, but in recent years, mycotoxic contamination is also a feature monitored after the treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of silage additives, in the concrete inoculant consisting of a mixture of Lactobacillus buchneri LN40177, Lactobacillus casei LC329090 and urea, on the concentration of major mycotoxins in maize silages. The ensilage mass was made in three variants, which consisted of maize silage (control variant C), maize silage with the addition of a commercial inoculant (variant A) and maize silage with the addition of urea (variant U). The commercial inoculant was added to the cut mass at a dose of 1 g/t of mass and urea at a dose of 5 kg/t of mass. After application of silage additives, the mass was stored and sealed in silage units. Mycotoxin analysis was performed using Veratox tests with ELISA reader, whereas average samples were prepared according to established protocols. The immuno-enzymatic method revealed that all samples of maize silage showed 100% contamination. The maize silages were characterized by the highest concentration of deoxynivalenol regardless of the treatment. The results confirmed the effect of silage additives on mycotoxic contamination of maize silages. Compared to the control variant, the commercial inoculant had negative increasing effect (P<0.05) on deoxynivalenol, ochratoxins and zearalenone, and a positive decreasing effect (P<0.05) on T-2 toxin and fumonisins. The urea addition resulted in significant reduction of T-2 toxin and increase of zearalenone.

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“…The literature reports that the use of hydrolytic agents in the chemical treatment of forages, such as anhydrous ammonia, ammonium hydroxide and urea as a source of ammonia, is capable of causing changes in the fibrous fraction of the cell wall, increasing the digestibility of apNDF caused by the solubilisation of part of the hemicellulose and by the expansion of cellulose [24] Thus, there is a reduction in the NDF content, as the hydrogen bonds are broken, and there is an increase in the hydration of the fibre, thus allowing the access of the microorganisms. However, the effect of urea on forage, the efficiency of using urea in silage, depends on factors such as the applied dose and the forage storage time, so the beneficial effects of ammonia use on forage may not be observed [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The susceptibility to deterioration is a very important factor that determines the quality of silages [ 2 ] and, consequently, the dry matter (DM) intake, digestibility and productive performance and health of the animals. A decrease in the nutritive value of silages because of the leaching of some nutrients has been reported to cause an increase in DM, NDF, ADF and ash [ 2 ]. Growth of spoilage microorganisms leads to decreases in farm profitability, as the DM losses can reach 20% in corn and sorghum silages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ensiling Sorghum with Urea, Aerobic Exposure and Effects on Intake, Digestibility, Ingestive Behaviour and Blood Parameters of Feedlot Lambs

Araújo

Santos

Carvalho

et al. 2023

Animals

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This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of ensiling sorghum silage with urea and amending the aerobic exposure nutrients intake and apparent digestibility, ingestive behaviour and blood serum metabolites of feedlot lambs. Forty uncastrated crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês lambs, aged 150 ± 15 days and with an initial body weight of 21.73 ± 2.40 kg, were used. Animals were assigned in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Thus, six silage diets were produced with various urea addition levels (UA: 0 and 5 g/kg on a natural matter basis) and periods of aerobic exposure of silages (PAE: 0, 24 and 48 h). An effect was observed for nutrient intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre corrected for ash and protein (NDFap) and total digestive nutrients TDN (g/day) and for the total apparent digestibility of DM, OM and CP. There was an interaction effect between urea levels and aerobic exposure for ether extract (EE) and NDFap intakes (g/kg) and nonfibrous carbohydrate (NFC) digestibility (g/kg) (p = 0.012). The addition of 5 g/kg of urea to sorghum ensilage improved the digestibility parameters without changing dry matter intake and ingestive behaviour. The addition or not of urea does not change the blood parameters of the animals.

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Effect of urea on gas and effluent losses, microbial populations, aerobic stability and chemical compositivo of corn (Zea mays L.) silage

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Fermentative profile of corn silages with the inclusion of chemical additives or bacterial inoculant

Fermentative profile of corn silages with the inclusion of chemical additives or bacterial inoculant

The effect of additives on mycotoxic contamination of maize silages

Ensiling Sorghum with Urea, Aerobic Exposure and Effects on Intake, Digestibility, Ingestive Behaviour and Blood Parameters of Feedlot Lambs

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