Effect of urban sprawl on a traditional water system (qanat) in the City of Mashhad, NE Iran

Hosseini, Seyed Ali; Shahraki, Saeed Zanganeh; Farhudi, R; Hosseini, Seyed Mohamad; Salari, Mamand; Ahmad, Pourahmad

doi:10.1080/1573062x.2010.484497

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…On one hand, it brings more convenience to human production and living. On the other hand, it has a lot of companion problems such as environmental pollution [2], traffic jam and climate change at the local scale [3], which in turn affects agriculture [4][5][6][7], water resource [8], and the natural environment [9,10], accelerates the spread of diseases [11,12], and creates challenges for urban planning and management [13,14]. To meet these challenges, it is important to have timely information about urban expansion according to the same definition on urban boundaries, the same criteria and data sources.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

China’s urban expansion from 1990 to 2010 determined with satellite remote sensing

et al. 2012

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

China’s urban expansion from 1990 to 2010 determined with satellite remote sensing

et al. 2012

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“…It is noted in the case of hexadecylpyridinium bromide [4], N-methyl-N´-pyridin-2-ylthiourea, and a triazoleisoquinoline derivative that the protective effect decreases with an increase in temperature t. The protective effect is preserved in heated acid solutions only in the case of 1,2,3-benzotriazole and an 1,2,4-triazole derivative. Rather often, sulfur-containing organic compounds act as efficient corrosion inhibitors on nickel-chromium steels [5,6,12]. Attempts of some researchers to use various amino acids for protection of nickelchromium steels [13,14] should be considered unsuccessful, because Z is below 90% for these inhibitors.…”

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Protection of nickel-chromium steel in sulfuric acid solution by a substituted triazole

Avdeev¹,

Kuznetsov²,

Tyurina³

et al. 2015

Int. J. Corros. Scale Inhib.

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The corrosion of 12Kh18N10T nickel-chromium steel in 2.0 М H 2 SO 4 (t = 20-100°C) was studied using mass loss, potentiometric, and polarization methods. It was shown that the corrosion resistance of this material in H 2 SO 4 solutions is low, particularly at temperatures close to 100°C. Efficient steel protection in sulfuric acid solutions can be achieved using mixtures of IFKhAN-92 (a triazole derivative) with KI (molar ratio of the components 1:1), KBr (1:9), or KCNS (4:1) as corrosion inhibitors. Of the IFKhAN-92 formulations studied, the highest corrosion inhibition coefficients are provided by the equimolar mixture with KI, despite an antagonism in the action of its components. Decreasing the concentration of this formulation to 0.005-0.025 mM (depending on temperature) does not considerably decrease the protective effect. Mixed inhibitors based on the substituted triazole protect the metal in the acid solution for at least 8 h. The presence of the inhibitors being studied in the solution considerably increases the contribution of diffusion control to the corrosion process, as indicated by a significant decrease in the activation energy from 60  1 to 35  2 kJ/mol in the presence of these compounds. Steel corrosion occurs in the active dissolution region both in background and inhibited acid solutions. A correlation was noted between the free corrosion potential of steel (E cor ) in an acid solution containing an inhibitor and the protective effect of the latter (): the higher the  value of the inhibitor, the more positive the potential of steel. The corrosion inhibition of stainless 12Kh18N10T steel in H 2 SO 4 solutions by formulations based on IFKhAN-92 results from strong hindrance of electrode reactions on the metal by these compounds in a broad temperature range (up to 100С). The strongest inhibition of electrode reactions on stainless steel is provided by the IFKhAN-92+KI mixture. As a result, it has the maximum efficiency in suppression of metal corrosion. A considerable effect on the characteristics of electrode reactions on stainless steel in background and inhibited acid solutions results from selective dissolution of metal surface components.

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“…Severe urban sprawl has been observed in all the six large cities of Iran. Several studies focused on the urban sprawl and its consequences in these metropolitan areas such as Tehran (Rafiee et al 2009;Roshan et al 2009;Shahraki et al 2012;Tayyebi et al 2011;Zanganeh 2006), Mashhad (Hosseini 2008;Hosseini et al 2010;Rafiee et al 2009), Isfahan (Mokhtari et al 2015;Soffianian et al 2010), Tabriz (Azimi 2001;Pourmohammadi &Jame Kasra 2011) andShiraz (bin Ibrahim &Sabet Sarvestani 2009;Movahed 2004;Sabet Sarvestani et al 2011). Although much of the attention is set toward the unplanned horizontal growth of the large cities in Iran, mid-sized and small-large cities are also experiencing severe urban sprawl as well.…”

Section: The Extent Of Sprawl In the Middle Eastmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Status of Urban and Suburban Sprawl in Egypt and Iran

2016

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Abstract:The circumstances of urban sprawl in the Middle Eastern cities have been basically examined; now we are aware of the existence of a crawling sprawl in the growth pattern of the region's cities. Nevertheless, the extent and the causes of this phenomenon have not yet been clearly explained. Thus, two questions are still unanswered: (1) to what extent are the Middle Eastern cities sprawled?, (2) what are the main drivers of sprawl in the Middle East? This paper brings together several evidences from international and the national languages to provide explanation to the above. The findings show that urban and suburban sprawl is an inclusive pattern seen in a wide variety of city sizes, planning concepts, times, etc. Sprawl is not limited to large metropolitan areas; mid-sized and small cities of the region are also sprawling. Furthermore, administrative and planning reasons are the strongest causes of urban sprawl in the region.Key words: urban sprawl, suburban sprawl, urbanization, urban land use, the Middle East Highlights for public administration, management and planning:• both large and mid-and small-sized cities are subject to urban sprawl in the Middle East • political/planning decisions are crucial in urban sprawl patterns

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Effect of urban sprawl on a traditional water system (qanat) in the City of Mashhad, NE Iran

Cited by 23 publications

References 15 publications

China’s urban expansion from 1990 to 2010 determined with satellite remote sensing

China’s urban expansion from 1990 to 2010 determined with satellite remote sensing

Protection of nickel-chromium steel in sulfuric acid solution by a substituted triazole

The Status of Urban and Suburban Sprawl in Egypt and Iran

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