Abstract:We studied two populations of Boeckella gracilipes and two populations of Boeckella gibbosa that inhabit mountain lakes from North-Patagonian Andes with different optical properties. We combined field and laboratory experiments to determine the effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) on clearance rate among these taxa that had different UVR defences. The copepod populations differed in photoprotective compounds (carotenoids and mycosporine-like amino acids [MAAs]) and antioxidant enzymes (glutathione S-transfer… Show more
“…Apart from mortality, UV radiation also affects zooplankton at a sub-lethal level leading to reduced fitness. Recent studies have demonstrated reduced feeding rates in small crustaceans such as copepods, reduced growth in Daphnia and morphological changes in structures used for swimming and feeding in ciliates when exposed to PAR, UV-A and UV-B radiation compared to PAR-only treatments [ 251 , 253 , 255 , 256 ]. Fig.…”
This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.
“…Apart from mortality, UV radiation also affects zooplankton at a sub-lethal level leading to reduced fitness. Recent studies have demonstrated reduced feeding rates in small crustaceans such as copepods, reduced growth in Daphnia and morphological changes in structures used for swimming and feeding in ciliates when exposed to PAR, UV-A and UV-B radiation compared to PAR-only treatments [ 251 , 253 , 255 , 256 ]. Fig.…”
This assessment by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides the latest scientific update since our most recent comprehensive assessment (Photochemical and Photobiological Sciences, 2019, 18, 595–828). The interactive effects between the stratospheric ozone layer, solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and climate change are presented within the framework of the Montreal Protocol and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. We address how these global environmental changes affect the atmosphere and air quality; human health; terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems; biogeochemical cycles; and materials used in outdoor construction, solar energy technologies, and fabrics. In many cases, there is a growing influence from changes in seasonality and extreme events due to climate change. Additionally, we assess the transmission and environmental effects of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, in the context of linkages with solar UV radiation and the Montreal Protocol.
“…Over the past few decades, it has been well demonstrated that nature ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation increased signi cantly with the continuing depletion of stratospherico zone, which has becoming one of the grave concerns and most striking global changes [10,11]. There is growing evidence that adverse biological effects of ambient ultraviolet radiation exposure occur in not only marine but also freshwater ecosystem at different trophic levels [11,12], involving algae [13], rotifers [14,15], copepods [16,17], cladocerans [18], shrimps [19,20] and shes [21]. In all cases, UVR was found to harm the organisms in question by damaging DNA directly at the molecular level and affect tness at the individual and population levels [22].…”
Background: UVB radiation is an increasing threat to aquatic organisms, and also a potential driving force for zooplankton population dynamics. The bdelloid rotifer, for its parthenogenesis and high resistance to stress, can be used as an excellent model in ecology and evolutionary biology. Given the strong tolerance of bdelloid rotifer to stressors, we hypothesized that it could hold the ability to tolerate significant UV radiation, and this capacity may be associated with the trade-off strategies among life historic components. With this study, to estimate the ecological effects and responses of antioxidant system against UV radiation, the acute lethal, life history strategies, population growth, and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed in the bdelloid Rotaria rotatoria after exposure to UV-B radiation. Results: The persistence of tolerance (evaluating by LT50) in rotifer to stress was playing a more vital role than the radiation dose (LD50) in survival, with a significant negative correlation between the radiation intensity and LT50. The larger the culture volume, the weaker the lethal effect. Rotifers prolonged their first reproductive time (JP), and shortened their reproductive period (RP) and longevity with the increasing of radiation dose, and the fecundity was significant inhibited by UV-B radiation. These responses can be taken as energy trade-off to retard their mortality. The population density of rotifers increased at the lowest dose of radiation, and then descended with the increasing of UVR dose, and this pattern was also corroborated by detecting the content of SOD and CAT, which suggested that hormesis also applies to R. rotatoria under UV-B radiation stress. The enzyme SOD has higher level of content and more sensitive to low UVR than CAT.Conclusions: The lethal effects of UV-B radiation to organisms depends not only on the conditions they exposed to, like as intensity and time of exposure, but also combination of factors namely, the type and effectiveness of the strategy they employ to cope with the changed environment. The species specificity, ages and physiological status also could be the regulating factors under the stresses, also in this case there was the strategy of energy trade-off between reproduction and survival in rotifers.
“…UV radiation can also cause sub-lethal effects, such as reduced feeding rates, reduced growth and morphological changes in many organisms [ 247 , 248 ]. These effects have been previously documented in all types of major zooplankton taxa [ 249 – 251 ], and in recent years include reports on less studied taxa such as ciliates and crab larvae [ 245 , 252 , 253 ].…”
Section: The Adverse Effects Of Uv Radiation and The Defences Against...mentioning
Variations in stratospheric ozone and changes in the aquatic environment by climate change and human activity are modifying the exposure of aquatic ecosystems to UV radiation. These shifts in exposure have consequences for the distributions of species, biogeochemical cycles, and services provided by aquatic ecosystems. This Quadrennial Assessment presents the latest knowledge on the multi-faceted interactions between the effects of UV irradiation and climate change, and other anthropogenic activities, and how these conditions are changing aquatic ecosystems. Climate change results in variations in the depth of mixing, the thickness of ice cover, the duration of ice-free conditions and inputs of dissolved organic matter, all of which can either increase or decrease exposure to UV radiation. Anthropogenic activities release oil, UV filters in sunscreens, and microplastics into the aquatic environment that are then modified by UV radiation, frequently amplifying adverse effects on aquatic organisms and their environments. The impacts of these changes in combination with factors such as warming and ocean acidification are considered for aquatic micro-organisms, macroalgae, plants, and animals (floating, swimming, and attached). Minimising the disruptive consequences of these effects on critical services provided by the world’s rivers, lakes and oceans (freshwater supply, recreation, transport, and food security) will not only require continued adherence to the Montreal Protocol but also a wider inclusion of solar UV radiation and its effects in studies and/or models of aquatic ecosystems under conditions of the future global climate.
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