“…[61] In others tudies, under low frequency ultrasound, it has often been observed that the addition of ar adical initiator is essential for polymerization, [19,[62][63][64] indicating that the chemical effects of cavitation are minimal under these conditions. However,s onochemical polymerizations of monomer-in-watere mulsions have been conducted by Biggs [65][66][67] and colleagues in the absence of an added initiator,r esulting in the formationo fu niform latex particles with conversion values dependent on the irradiating intensity.O thers have investigated the (mini)emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), [68,69] n-butyla crylate (nBA), [58] n-butyl methacrylate (nBMA), [70,71] ethyl methacrylate (EMA), [72] glycidyl methacrylate( GMA), [73] 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA), [74] and acrylonitrile (AN), [75 ] among others. [76] The emulsion polymerization of nBA in water was investigated by Xia et al,w here it was observed that in the absence of an added surfactant( e.g.,s odium dodecylsulfate (SDS)), the polymerization wase xtremely sluggish (2.4 %c onversion after 20 min vs.9 1.9 %c onversion in the presence of SDS).…”