Effect of typhoon on chemical composition of rainwater in Okinawa Island, Japan

Sakihama, Hideaki; Tokuyama, Akira

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.12.043

Cited by 25 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The molar ratio of Cl − to Na + for these samples (Fig. 2a) was close to that in seawater (1.165) which has been observed previously at this (Willey and Kiefer, 1993) and other (Sakihama and Tokuyama, 2005) coastal locations. The slight excess of Cl − relative to what would be expected from sea salt in some samples (as indicated by the points that lie above the line in Fig.…”

Section: Major Ions From Sea Saltsupporting

confidence: 63%

“…Previous work at this site (Wilmington, NC, USA) has shown that single tropical weather events contributed over half the annual wet deposition of chloride (Cl − ) in 1984, 1989(Willey and Kiefer, 1993 and 2006 (Miller et al, 2008). Similarly, the elemental analysis of rainwater collected during typhoon events in Okinawa Island, Japan revealed ion ratios consistent with the composition of sea salt (Sakihama and Tokuyama, 2005). The isotopic analysis of DOC in rainwater collected during two hurricanes revealed it was largely of marine origin (Raymond, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Trajectories were calculated for the 24 h preceding each sample collection for the air parcel at an elevation of 500 m over our sampling location. This elevation was selected as an approximation for the well-mixed boundary layer from which precipitation originated (Walker et al, 2000;Kieber et al, 2005;Miller et al, 2008). Supporting meteorological data was obtained from an Automated Surface Observation System (ASOS) at Wilmington International Airport, which is located less than 5 km from our study site.…”

Section: Back Trajectories and Supporting Meteorological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics of the chemical composition of rainwater throughout Hurricane Irene

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Sequential sampling of rainwater from Hurricane Irene was carried out in Wilmington, NC, USA on 26 and 27 August 2011. Eleven samples were analyzed for pH, major ions (Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, NH4+), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Hurricane Irene contributed 16% of the total rainwater and 18% of the total chloride wet deposition received in Wilmington NC during all of 2011. This work highlights the main physical factors influencing the chemical composition of tropical storm rainwater: wind speed, wind direction, back trajectory and vertical mixing, time of day and total rain volume. Samples collected early in the storm, when winds blew out of the east, contained dissolved components indicative of marine sources (salts from sea spray and low DOC). The sea-salt components in the samples had two maxima in concentration during the storm the first of which occurred before the volume of rain had sufficiently washed out sea salt from the atmosphere and the second when back trajectories showed large volumes of marine surface air were lifted. As the storm progressed and winds shifted to a westerly direction, the chemical composition of the rainwater became characteristic of terrestrial storms (high DOC and NH4+ and low sea salt). This work demonstrates that tropical storms are not only responsible for significant wet deposition of marine components to land, but terrestrial components can also become entrained in rainwater, which can then be delivered to coastal waters via wet deposition. This study also underscores why analysis of one composite sample can lead to an incomplete interpretation of the factors that influence the chemically divergent analytes in rainwater during extreme weather events.

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Section: Major Ions From Sea Saltsupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: Back Trajectories and Supporting Meteorological Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics of the chemical composition of rainwater throughout Hurricane Irene

et al. 2013

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“…Typhoons are strong low-pressure systems initially generated by tropical maritime air masses (Su et al, 2012). As a consequence, the Ty rainwater is extremely abundant in sea salt components (Sakihama and Tokuyama, 2005) and it could significantly contribute to the fluxes of Na + and Cl -, although the rainfall in a year was much less than that of Cy and SF.…”

Section: Average Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typhoons are episodic phenomena in the northwest Pacific areas and several typhoons may arrive at and pass the East China Sea every summer (Ho et al, 2004). At a place of more frequent typhoons' passage, such as the areas in the south of Okinawa, Ty's influence on ion fluxes would be more serious (Sakihama and Tokuyama, 2005). Duce et al, 1991).…”

Section: Variations Over the Eight Yearsmentioning

confidence: 99%