Effect of Tungsten Oxide on Structure and Physical Properties for Germanium Boro-silicate glass

Abstract

This research was studied the effect of adding tungsten oxide (WO3) on the structural and physical properties of the germanium boro-silicate (Na2B4O7-SiO2-Ge2O3) glass. The role of tungsten oxide in a glass matrix was studied by using infrared spectra, optical absorption and density. The optical band gap and Urbach energy were determined based on the absorption spectra. The infrared spectra and UV–vis spectroscopy results show that, the used glasses have glassy or amorphously structure and its increase with increasing WO3 content. The density of Na2B4O7-SiO2-(Ge2O3)15−x-(WO3)x (x = 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 wt. %) glasses increased in the range of 2.574 to 2.683 g/cm3 with the increasing tungsten oxide content. The optical band gap value decreased, from 3.34 to 2.81 eV, but Urbach energy increased with increasing WO3 concentration.

Effect of the cold plasma and aqueous grape seeds extract on sensory qualities of minced beef

“…The sensory assessments of minced beef samples are carried out in accordance with the approach developed by some researchers [28,29]. The samples were put in an oven and baked until the temperature inside reached 230 °C at 30 -35 min.…”