Effect of triclosan on interleukin‐1β production in human gingival fibroblasts challenged with tumor necrosis factor α

Abstract

The effect of the dentifrice ingredient triclosan (2,4,4'-trichloro-2'-hydroxyldiphenyl ether) on the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 was studied in human gingival fibroblasts challenged with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) in vitro. When gingival fibroblasts were treated simultaneously with triclosan (0.25, 0.5 microg/ml) and TNFalpha (10 ng/ml), the stimulatory effect of TNFalpha on IL-1beta production was reduced by the agent. In situ hybridisation showed that the TNFalpha-induced expression of IL-1beta mRNA was significantly reduced by triclosan. Furthermore, when the cells were treated simultaneously with a known protein kinase C (PKC) activator, phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and TNFalpha in the presence of triclosan (0.5 microg/ml), the agent reduced the production of IL-1beta. In contrast to its effect on IL-1beta, triclosan did not influence the mRNA expression or the production of IL-6 induced by TNFalpha. The finding that triclosan reduces the production of the inflammatory mediator IL-1beta in gingival fibroblasts further supports the view that triclosan exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect.

Development of an Ex Vivo Coculture System to Model Pulpal Infection by Streptococcus anginosus Group Bacteria

“…There have been recent developments into the incorporation of a triclosan-containing composite which is proposed for use in restorative resins and has demonstrated some antibacterial activity against common oral bacteria (Rathke et al 2010). As triclosan has previously been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties (Mustafa et al 1998), in addition to its effectiveness against oral bacteria, this makes it an attractive biocide for potential use in endodontic treatments as it may promote the natural repair processes of the tooth, as previously described (1.2.3). However, the results from this study have shown that triclosan alone is not effective at complete eradication of SAG bacteria, which could lead to problems in endodontic treatment.…”

“…This is the most commonly used pulp capping treatment but in recent years there has been an increased interest in novel antimicrobials in for use in endodontic treatments and dentifrices. Due to the inflammatory nature of pulpitis there has been particular interest in antimicrobials that have also been identified as having anti-inflammatory properties, such as triclosan and certain naturally expressed proteins known as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) (Mustafa et al 1998;Yang et al 2002).…”

“…This is important as re-infection is one of the major reasons for treatment failure (Dahlen 2002;Siqueira and Rocas 2008) In this study, the effect of triclosan on SAG growth was studied. Triclosan was chosen as it has already been incorporated into a number of dentifrices and its anti inflammatory properties, in addition to its action as an antimicrobial, make it a potentially useful substance in controlling pulpal disease (Mustafa et al 1998). Whilst the effect of triclosan has been studied on many organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Escalada et al 2005), Escherichia coli (Yu et al 2010) and…”

Uptake, Distribution and Release of 14C-Triclosan in Human Gingival Fibroblasts

“…Grids were placed on a thin formvar film, and the film was placed on a slide and processed as the semithin sections. The slides were developed and examined by light microscopy (LM) and TEM for cells containing 14 C-triclosan (cells with silver grains). Cells treated with unlabeled triclosan (1 mg/mL) were used in parallel as negative controls.…”

“…12,13 In addition, we reported that triclosan reduces the production of IL-1b and interferon-g (IFN-g) as well as the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II in gingival fibroblasts. 14,15 However, the effect of triclosan on the signal pathways involved in the production of inflammatory mediators in gingival fibroblasts is not well known. The knowledge of intracellular uptake and distribution of triclosan is crucial to understand the mechanism(s) involved in its anti-inflammatory effects.…”