Abstract:Background: primary dysmenorrhea is characterized by cramping, dull, and throbbing pain in the lower abdomen. The device of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is one of the non-pharmacological approaches to stimulate the nerves for therapeutic purposes. The gate control theory and the release of endogenous morphine are at the core of TENS' effect on primary dysmenorrhea. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation device on pain intensity among… Show more
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