Effect of Trade Liberalization on Gender Inequality: The Case of India

Gupta, Ashmita

doi:10.1057/s41308-021-00143-7

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…In a separate study conducted by (Gupta, 2015) in India, the focus was placed on examining the impact of trade openness on the proportion of female employment in the country. The study utilized panel data encompassing establishments in the manufacturing industrial sector, categorized based on the number of workers, during two specific time periods: 1989 and 1998.…”

Section: Trade Openness and Gender Inequality In The High Human Devel...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2024

jodep

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The study aimed to highlight the role of industrial clusters as one of the most important goals of achieving economic development. It contributes to increasing the limited capacity, and is always working, and thus, reducing the number of patients, even among workers. It also aimed to identify the concept of industrial clusters, and explain their role in achieving economic development and how more of the Suez Canal can be exploited until it becomes a vital sector based on the prospects for social economic development. And to identify the role that the industrial cluster can play as a strong addition, strengthening and increasing the Suez Canal, and then as a guarantee between industrial institutions, through descriptive and analytical application.

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Section: Trade Openness and Gender Inequality In The High Human Devel...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2024

jodep

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“…Although the increase in foreign competition leads exporting plants to hire a larger share of females in unskilled labor-intensive industries to reduce the costs of workers and face international competition (as firms substitute males with low-cost females), trade liberalization reduces female employment intensity in capital and skill-intensive industries using new technologies. Consequently, the reduction in both tariffs and regulatory trade barriers and the increase in OPN can boost women's empowerment, while the female to male participation rate declines when trade liberalization increases (Audi and Ali, 2016; Banerjee and Veeramani, 2015; Ederington et al ., 2009; EL-Hamidi, 2008; Giovannetti et al ., 2021; Gupta, 2021).…”

Section: Theoretical Framework and Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trade liberalization and women empowerment in the Arab countries

Saqfalhait

Spetan²,

Awad-Warrad³

et al. 2023

IJGE

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PurposeThis paper investigates the impact of trade liberalization measured by trade openness (OPN) and tariffs on women empowerment measured by the gender gap index and gender development index, for two groups of Arab countries divided based on their income levels using annual data for the period 1995–2020. The study also considers other factors that may influence the gender gap, such as GDP growth and the female unemployment rate. The purpose of this paper is to address these issues and explorers whether the effects of trade liberalization differ based on the countries' income levels.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs the fully modified ordinary least squares (FM-OLS) regression model for heterogeneous cointegrated panels to examine the impact of trade liberalization on women empowerment. The study constructs an empirical two regression model of women empowerment measured by the gender gap model and gender development model for the two groups of higher-income countries and lower and middle-income countries.FindingsThe authors’ findings reveal that the impact of OPN on the gender gap varies between the two groups of Arab countries where more OPN within the higher-income group may increase the gender disparity, while it may reduce disparity within the lower and middle-income countries. In addition, GDP growth may reduce the gender disparity, while female unemployment raises the gender disparity between the two groups of countries in the long run. Findings also reveal that more OPN, tariffs and female unemployment may reduce gender development within the two groups, but more GDP growth may support the gender development in the long run.Originality/valueThis paper not only assesses the impact of trade liberalization on women empowerment generally, but also assess the women empowerment via two indices that are the gender gap and gender development in Arab countries which is – to the knowledge of the researchers – not yet investigated; further it explores if the effects of trade liberalization differs based on the countries' income levels.

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“…There are no such restrictions on men. This policy harmed women"s participation by constraining women"s work hours (Gupta, 2021).…”

Section: Government Rulesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Declining Rate of Female Labor Participation in India: Causes and Consequences

Hossain¹,

Hasan²

2022

Int. j. soc. sci. humanit. invent.

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Significant human activities were started underway in India since the Holocene Period (10,000 years ago) andcivilization also was in progress while Mesopotamia and Egypt have long been recognized in between c.7000- 600 BCE for their celebrated contributions to social and cultural development. A large number of women inIndia are actively engaged in traditional and non-traditional work and seriously contribute to society for overallgrowth and development. However, there are far fewer women than men in the paid workforce. In urban India, women participate in the workforce in impressive numbers, as such only 30 percent in the software industry. This paper had tried to investigate the reasons behind the less number of women involved in the workforce aswell as the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) in India. All data had been collected from secondarysources and presented via tables and graphs from different angles. It had concluded with somerecommendations to get out from the critical trap regarding women in India

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Effect of Trade Liberalization on Gender Inequality: The Case of India

Cited by 7 publications

References 48 publications

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Trade liberalization and women empowerment in the Arab countries

The Declining Rate of Female Labor Participation in India: Causes and Consequences

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