Effect of Topical Prostaglandin F2α Analogs on Selected Oxidative Stress Parameters in the Tear Film

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Topically administered antiglaucoma medications, especially those containing benzalkonium chloride (BAC), may cause local adverse effects and compromise ocular surface. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of topical prostaglandin F2α analogs (PGAs): preservative-free latanoprost, BAC-preserved latanoprost, preservative-free tafluprost, and BAC-preserved bimatoprost, on selected oxidative stress parameters in the tear film. Materials and Methods: The patients were divided into five groups: group C (n = 25) control group—subjects who did not use topical antiglaucoma medications, group L (n = 22)—patients using topical preservative-free latanoprost, group L+BAC (n = 25)—patients using topical BAC-preserved latanoprost, group T (n = 19)—patients using topical preservative-free tafluprost, and group B+BAC (n = 17)—patients using topical BAC-preserved bimatoprost. The oxidative stress markers in the tear film samples were evaluated: total protein (TP) concentration, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) content, total sulfhydryl (-SH) groups content, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), as well as Total Oxidant Status (TOS), Total Antioxidant Response (TAR), and Oxidative Stress Index (OSI). Results: The TP concentrations in the groups L, L+BAC, and B+BAC were statistically significantly higher in comparison with group C. The SOD and CAT activities in the groups L+BAC and B+BAC were statistically significantly higher when compared to group C. As compared to group C, AOPP and TOS were statistically significantly higher in all the study groups. OSI was found to be statistically significantly higher in the groups L+BAC, T, and B+BAC in comparison with group C. Conclusion: Use of topical PGAs by the patients with ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma is associated with increased oxidative stress in the tear film which is additionally exacerbated by the presence of BAC in the formulation.

Impact of dorzolamide, benzalkonium-preserved dorzolamide and benzalkonium-preserved brinzolamide on selected biomarkers of oxidative stress in the tear film

“…Moreover, it should be noted that OSI values were higher in the group of patients treated with BAC-preserved CAI than in the group using preservative-free dorzolamide. This observation is consistent with our previous studies, in which we assessed the influence of selected BAC-preserved prostaglandin F2a analogs (PGAs) (latanoprost, bimatoprost), BACpreserved beta-blocker (BB) (timolol), BAC-preserved alpha 2-agonist (brimonidine) and their unpreserved counterparts [46,47]. However, for PGAs, OSI and TOS were elevated in all patient groups treated with PGAs, both BAC-preserved as well as preservative-free formulations [46].…”

“…This observation is consistent with our previous studies, in which we assessed the influence of selected BAC-preserved prostaglandin F2a analogs (PGAs) (latanoprost, bimatoprost), BACpreserved beta-blocker (BB) (timolol), BAC-preserved alpha 2-agonist (brimonidine) and their unpreserved counterparts [46,47]. However, for PGAs, OSI and TOS were elevated in all patient groups treated with PGAs, both BAC-preserved as well as preservative-free formulations [46]. The presented results prove that BAC contained in the analyzed formulations contributes to the increase of oxidants in the tear film.…”

“…CAT and GPx, in turn, transform harmful H 2 O 2 into water and oxygen, thus complementing the detoxification process started by SOD [ 37 , 42 ]. Based on the obtained results, as well as the observations made in our previous studies [ 46 , 47 ], it is reasonable to assume that BAC contained in the eye drops contributes to the formation of oxidative stress in the tear film, and also intensifies the antioxidative defense of the ocular surface.…”

Evaluation of Redox Profiles of the Serum and Aqueous Humor in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Exfoliation Glaucoma

“…It is also important to emphasize that the number of antiglaucoma medications was correlated with the SOD species in the AH and the BAP in the serum. Previous reports have shown that topical antiglaucoma medications, especially benzalkonium chloride-preserved eye drops, increased oxidative stress in tear film [ 57 , 58 ]; therefore, our results might reflect oxidative stress induced by topical antiglaucoma treatment. Since the type of antiglaucoma medications was not considered in this study, our findings should be interpreted with caution.…”

Metabolomics analysis of the serum from children with urolithiasis using UPLC‐MS

“…In our study, the major metabolites generated from AA, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a), were found to be significantly elevated in the patients with kidney stones (Figure 3 and Table S3). PGF2a is a lipid peroxidation product that partially reflects the level of oxidative stress in the body, 38 and its effect of kidney stone formation has been reported in CaOx rats. Animal models confirmed that serum PGF2a was significantly increased in rats with kidney stones 39 .…”