Effect of TiO2 addition on densification, microstructure, and mechanical properties of CSZTA

Effect of two‐step sintering on microstructure and mechanical properties of ceria‐stabilized zirconia‐toughened alumina‐added titania (CSZTA–TiO2)

“…According to Chen and Wang, the sample was heated to a higher temperature (T 1 ) in the first step to produce a density of more than 75%, and all of its pores are unstable and shrinkable. 28 Our previous studies show that the CSZTA-4TiO 2 system sintered between 1300 and 1600 • C. 26 As a result, the proper temperature T 1 was selected to be between 1350 and 1500 • C, where the relative density is greater than 85%. In the second step, the material is heated to a lower temperature (T 2 ), at which triple junctions inhibit the grain growth without affecting densification.…”

“…where C is the crack length (m), P is the load applied (N), H is hardness (VHN), and E is the elastic modulus of the composite system. In this study, the elastic modulus for the CSZTA‐4TiO 2 system was calculated to be 239 GPa using the concept of the inverse rule of mixture, 26 assuming elastic modulus for ZTA and TiO 2 as 240 42 and 226 GPa, 43 respectively.…”

“…Previous studies showed that the optimum content of TiO 2 in the CSZTA matrix was 4 wt.%. 26 The nitrates mentioned earlier and aqueous TiCl 4 were added to distilled water. The hydroxide powders were precipitated using ammonium hydroxide (SRL, India).…”

“…25 However, the excessive addition of TiO 2 (beyond the solubility limit) resulted in an increase in the grain size and a decrease in the mechanical characteristics of ZTA. 26,27 As a result, looking for alternative methods for controlling grain size becomes very important. Alternative sintering methods are a common way to prevent grain development.…”

“…observed that adding TiO 2 to the ZTA system reduced sintering temperature 25 . However, the excessive addition of TiO 2 (beyond the solubility limit) resulted in an increase in the grain size and a decrease in the mechanical characteristics of ZTA 26,27 . As a result, looking for alternative methods for controlling grain size becomes very important.…”