Effect of Time of Bait Exposure on Number of Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Found at Baits

Wireworms’ Management: An Overview of the Existing Methods, with Particular Regards to Agriotes spp. (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

“…Many bait-based sampling techniques have proven to be at least as effective as soil core for detecting wireworms [ 95 , 111 , 112 ]. Bait efficiency notably depends on the period of bait exposure (to be adapted according to case-specific parameters, such as trap handling or sowing period of the future crop) and the time of the year [ 28 , 112 , 113 , 114 ] and decreases when alternative food sources are present, which is often the case in freshly ploughed grass fields [ 24 , 79 , 115 ]. Germinating cereal seed baits, whose efficiency seems enhanced by daily irrigation [ 113 ], is the most efficient sampling technique (including cost and accuracy concerns) for determining wireworm populations in worldwide agricultural habitats and in grass fields intended for arable production [ 95 , 111 , 113 , 116 , 117 ].…”

“…The “Pacific coast” wireworm, Limonius canus Leconte, is responsible, with other species of the genus, for crop damage alongside the western coast of North America (e.g., [ 21 , 22 , 23 ]). Other genera important for their impact on agriculture are Athous Eschscholtz, Conoderus Eschscholtz, Ctenicera Latreille and Hypolithus Eschscholtz (e.g., [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]). The main effects of wireworm feeding on neck and belowground plant organs are seedling mortality [ 34 ] and all implied yield losses.…”

Orientation response of Pacific coast wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) to food baits in laboratory and effectiveness of baits in field

“…A number of other studies have tested food baits for effectiveness in attracting various species of wireworms. Often, baits composed of germinating seeds are effective (Apablaza et al 1977;Toba and Turner 1983;Jansson and Lecrone 1989;Seal et al 1992), but other foods, including carrot, potato, and rolled oats, also may perform well (Toba and Turner 1983;Parker 1994;Cherry and Alvarez 1995). In the present study, seeds of wheat and barley were particularly attractive in both laboratory and field assays ( Table 1, Fig.…”

“…Use of food baits to determine population numbers of wireworms in a field can be problematic because baits decay in attractiveness at unknown rates (Seal et al 1992;Cherry and Alvarez 1995), and because different types of baits differ in how well they attract wireworms (as shown in this study). A synthetic bait having known properties (i.e., having a known rate of emission of-a single attractant for a given set of environmental conditions) would be highly useful for monitoring these pests.…”

“…Often, baits composed of germinating seeds are effective (Apablaza et al 1977;Toba and Turner 1983;Jansson and Lecrone 1989;Seal et al 1992), but other foods, including carrot, potato, and rolled oats, also may perform well (Toba and Turner 1983;Parker 1994;Cherry and Alvarez 1995). A number of other studies have tested food baits for effectiveness in attracting various species of wireworms.…”