Effect of Time Delay on Recognition Memory for Pictures: The Modulatory Role of Emotion

Bo, Wang

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100238

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 60 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Previous studies in which emotional and neutral item memory were found to differ after a delay are often limited to tests performed immediately after learning and one day later Sharot & Yonelinas, 2008). Furthermore, studies that included longer learning-test intervals often did not find time-dependent differences in accuracy between emotional and neutral items (e.g., Ritchey et al, 2008;Wang, 2014Wang, , 2018Wang & Fu, 2011;Weymar et al, 2011, but see e.g., Anderson et al, 2006. This could be due to relatively small samples (Ritchey et al, 2008;Weymar et al, 2011), or repeated testing of the same learned material (Weymar et al, 2011), which can bias results (Burke et al, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-dependent emotional memory transformation: divergent pathways of item memory and contextual dependency

Cox¹,

Meeter²,

Kindt³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Emotional memory can persist strikingly long, but it is believed that not all its elements are protected against the fading effects of time. So far, studies of emotional episodic memory have mostly investigated retention up to 24h post-encoding, and revealed that central emotional features (items) are usually strengthened, while contextual binding of the event is reduced. However, even though it is known for neutral memories that central versus contextual elements evolve differently with longer passage of time, the time-dependent evolution of emotional memories remains unclear. Hypothetically, compared to neutral memories, emotional item memory becomes increasingly stronger, accompanied by accelerated decay of – already fragile – links with their original encoding contexts, resulting in progressive reductions in contextual dependency. Here, we tested these predictions in a large-scale study. Participants encoded emotional and neutral episodes, and were assessed 30 minutes (N = 40), one day (N = 40), one week (N = 39), or two weeks (N = 39) later on item memory, contextual dependency, and subjective quality of memory. The results show that, with the passage of time, emotional memories were indeed characterized by increasingly stronger item memory and weaker contextual dependency. Interestingly, analyses of the subjective quality of memories revealed that stronger memory for emotional items with time was expressed in familiarity, whereas increasingly smaller contextual dependency for emotional episodes was reflected in recollection. Together, these findings uncover the time-dependent transformation of emotional episodic memories, thereby shedding light on the ways healthy and maladaptive human memories may develop.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-dependent emotional memory transformation: divergent pathways of item memory and contextual dependency

Cox¹,

Meeter²,

Kindt³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Indeed, we began the title of our paper with “NEVER Forget” both to serve as a mnemonic for our model’s acronym and because of the intriguing possibility that the enhanced recapitulation for negative information could lead to enhanced storage—and thus increased durability—for those memories. To the extent that negative memories show a shallower forgetting curve than positive memories (and see Wang, 2014 for some evidence), this effect could be explained by the enhanced reactivation and recapitulation of negative memories. However, retrieval can also trigger memory modification, or deletion.…”

Section: A New Model Of Emotional Memory That Emphasizes the Importanmentioning

confidence: 99%

NEVER forget: negative emotional valence enhances recapitulation

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A hallmark feature of episodic memory is that of “mental time travel,” whereby an individual feels they have returned to a prior moment in time. Cognitive and behavioral neuroscience methods have revealed a neurobiological counterpart: Successful retrieval often is associated with reactivation of a prior brain state. We review the emerging literature on memory reactivation and recapitulation, and we describe evidence for the effects of emotion on these processes. Based on this review, we propose a new model: Negative Emotional Valence Enhances Recapitulation (NEVER). This model diverges from existing models of emotional memory in three key ways. First, it underscores the effects of emotion during retrieval. Second, it stresses the importance of sensory processing to emotional memory. Third, it emphasizes how emotional valence—whether an event is negative or positive—affects the way that information is remembered. The model specifically proposes that, as compared to positive events, negative events both trigger increased encoding of sensory detail and also elicit a closer resemblance between the sensory encoding signature and the sensory retrieval signature. The model also proposes that negative valence enhances the reactivation and storage of sensory details over offline periods, leading to a greater divergence between the sensory recapitulation of negative and positive memories over time. Importantly, the model proposes that these valence-based differences occur even when events are equated for arousal, thus rendering an exclusively arousal-based theory of emotional memory insufficient. We conclude by discussing implications of the model and suggesting directions for future research to test the tenets of the model.

show abstract

“…Consequently, the present results cannot fully disclose how and by which exact mechanism preferential retention of emotional item memory was established across time. Interestingly, the majority of former studies yielding time-dependent effects on emotional item memory entailed retention intervals of at least 24 hours, thus including a full night of sleep (Anderson, Yamaguchi, Grabski, & Lacka, 2006;Nishida et al, 2009;Ritchey, Dolcos, & Cabeza, 2008;Sharot & Phelps, 2004;Sharot & Yonelinas, 2008;Ventura-Bort et al, 2016;Wang, 2014; Note. Hits = correctly recognized images of the item memory procedure; FA = false alarms to new images of the item memory procedure; SM = correctly recognized locations of items that had been correctly recognized in the preceding item memory procedure (correct source/overall hits).…”

Section: Item Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Remembering specific features of emotional events across time: The role of REM sleep and prefrontal theta oscillations

Sopp

Michael

Weeß³

et al. 2017

Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

When an episode of emotional significance is encountered, it often results in the formation of a highly resistant memory representation that is easily retrieved for many succeeding years. Recent research shows that beyond generic consolidation processes, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep importantly contributes to this effect. However, the boundary conditions of consolidation processes during REM sleep, specifically whether these extend to source memory, have not been examined extensively. The current study tested the effects of putative consolidation processes emerging during REM sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS) on item and source memory of negative and neutral images, respectively. Results demonstrate superior emotional relative to neutral item memory retention after both late night REM sleep and early night SWS. Emotional source memory, on the other hand, exhibited an attenuated decline following late night REM sleep, whereas neutral source memory was selectively preserved across early night SWS. This pattern of results suggests a selective preservation of emotional source memory during REM sleep that is functionally dissociable from SWS-dependent reprocessing of neutral source memory. This was further substantiated by a neurophysiological dissociation: Postsleep emotional source memory was selectively correlated with frontal theta lateralization (REM sleep), whereas postsleep neutral item memory was correlated with SWS spindle power. As such, the present results contribute to a more comprehensive characterization of sleep-related consolidation mechanisms underlying emotional and neutral memory retention. Subsidiary analysis of emotional reactivity to previously encoded material revealed an enhancing rather than attenuating effect of late night REM sleep on emotional responses.

show abstract

Effect of Time Delay on Recognition Memory for Pictures: The Modulatory Role of Emotion

Cited by 14 publications

References 60 publications

Time-dependent emotional memory transformation: divergent pathways of item memory and contextual dependency

Time-dependent emotional memory transformation: divergent pathways of item memory and contextual dependency

NEVER forget: negative emotional valence enhances recapitulation

Remembering specific features of emotional events across time: The role of REM sleep and prefrontal theta oscillations

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About