Effect of tick control on liveweight gain of cattle in central Zambia

Pegram, R. G.; Lemche, J.; Chizyuka, H. G. B.; Sutherst, R. W.; Floyd, R. B.; Kerr, J. D.; McCosker, Philip

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.1989.tb00234.x

Cited by 53 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Apart from direct losses due to cattle mortality, in endemic areas where chronic ECF occurs, other less quantifiable effects of the disease are apparent including poor weight gain, low fertility rates, reduced growth and milk production, paralysis, and secondary attacks from other parasites (Pegram et al, 1989). ECF is therefore a major reason for tick control in most African countries.…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and the tick-borne disease, Theileriosis (East Coast fever) in sub-Saharan Africa

Olwoch

Reyers²,

Engelbrecht

et al. 2008

Journal of Arid Environments

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Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and the tick-borne disease, Theileriosis (East Coast fever) in sub-Saharan Africa

Olwoch

Reyers²,

Engelbrecht

et al. 2008

Journal of Arid Environments

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“…They are impediments to the development of livestock industries in Southern, Central and Eastern Africa [48]. In Zambia two species of Babesia, B. bovis and B. bigemina are recognized as being of economic importance in cattle and small ruminants [34,41,80,84]. However, B. canis has been reported in dogs in Zambia [2,105,106].…”

Section: Parasites and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ticks, Amblyomma hebraeum and especially A. variegatum are the main vectors of heartwater in the agricultural areas of Zambia. The distribution patterns of both species in Zambia display anomalous features: the ticks occur in areas where the predicted climatic suitability for survival and development, as well as the densities of cattle (the most important domestic host) are, the lowest [81,84,85]. The only factor favoring the survival of the species in the areas in which they occur in Zambia is the presence of alternative wildlife hosts for the adult stage [80,86,88].…”

Section: Parasites and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…No single method is likely adequate to control the complex problem of these and other TBD in Africa and elsewhere [73,112]. However, the current Zambian approach is new, based on integrated strategies that encompass the following: selection of disease and tick resistant cattle [98,99]; exploitation of enzootic stability; use of acaricides only when economically justified in relation to the direct effects of ticks on livestock production [10,19,38,51,84,85]. The major problems that affect chemotherapy as a control strategy are the difficulties encountered in the early diagnosis of the disease when chemotherapy is most likely to be active, and the high cost of the drugs, which the majority of traditional farmers cannot afford.…”

Section: Chemotherapymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The current status of major tick borne diseases in Zambia

Makala

Mangani²,

Fujisaki

et al. 2003

Vet. Res.

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-Tick-borne diseases occurring in Zambia are assuming more importance as they continue to be a major economic problem not only in Zambia, but in many parts of Eastern, Southern and Central Africa. The current control methods, which include the use of toxic acaricides to kill ticks, and the virulent sporozoite infection and treatment method have limitations. Recombinant vaccines, currently in their experimental stages, offer hope for the future. The use of acaricides is hampered by the development of acaricide resistance and live vaccines are dependent on cold chain facilities, which are a formidable obstacle in the poorly developed infrastructure in parts of Zambia where the vaccine is most needed. Amidst these drawbacks are the results of the recent research on parasites and vector recombinant vaccines which promise to circumvent these problems. The history, current status and attitudes regarding the control of these diseases, taking into account their complexity, are reviewed. The establishment of the well-designed Central Veterinary Research Institute (CVRI) and Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA) sponsored veterinary school, both have a potential for high quality research, with access to a wealth of specimens a veritable goldmine of research material. It is thus hoped that this review will stimulate the desire to maximize the value of the tick and tick-borne disease research in both Zambia and the international research community.

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“…lowers milk production by 7 g (Norval et al 1990a,b). Life weight gain is reduced by, respectively, 4 g, 10 g and 41-61 g per engorged adult female of R. appendiculatus, Amblyomma hebraeum or Amblyomma variegatum (Norval et al 1988(Norval et al , 1989Pegram et al 1989). Hides infested by ticks have lower commercial value.…”

Section: No Interventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economics of theileriosis control in Zambia

D’Haese

Penne²,

Elyn³

1999

Tropical Med Int Health

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SummaryFor an economic analysis of theileriosis control, we adopted the total economic cost (TEC) method, which calculates the sum of output losses from tick damage, theileriosis mortality and morbidity, and expenditures for treatment or prevention of the disease. At farm level, the TEC can be minimized by a specific combination of vector control and/or immunization and an acceptable level of losses. Expenditures for vector control include acaricides, construction of dipping or spraying facilities and their maintenance, and variable costs such as those for water and labour. Economics of vector control depend on the herd size and the method of application of the acaricide. Morbidity, mortality and tick damage losses are effectively reduced by correct and intensive vector control programmes. Expenditures for vector control are estimated at US$ 8.43, 13.62 and 21.09 per animal per year for plunge dipping, hand spraying and pour-on, respectively. Immunization costs comprise production of parasite stabilates, storage and application, delivery and treatment. At US$ 9.5 per animal, immunization limits losses caused by Theileria parva, but ticks still may reduce the productivity of the animals. Expenditures for treatment after natural infection involve drugs, transport, veterinary fees and farm labour costs. Treatment has a moderate success rate, hence both morbidity and mortality remain important factors. Equally, it does not affect the vector, which may continue to reduce overall productivity of cattle. Expenditures for treatment range between US$ 9.04 and US$ 27.31 per animal. To compare different TECs in relation to different control strategies, assumptions have to be made on disease occurrence, case fatality, value and productivity of the cattle, reductions in productivity due to morbidity and number of animals under a specific control regime. Calculations based on data from Southern Province, Zambia show that large-scale immunization reduces the TEC by 90% compared to no intervention. Treatment, which is the second-best option, reduces the TEC by 60%.

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Effect of tick control on liveweight gain of cattle in central Zambia

Cited by 53 publications

References 11 publications

Climate change and the tick-borne disease, Theileriosis (East Coast fever) in sub-Saharan Africa

Climate change and the tick-borne disease, Theileriosis (East Coast fever) in sub-Saharan Africa

The current status of major tick borne diseases in Zambia

Economics of theileriosis control in Zambia

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