Effect of thyroxine on testicular function, circulating luteinising hormone and pituitary sensitivity to luteinising hormone‐releasing hormone in the cockerel (Gallus domesticus)

Abstract

1. The effect of thyroxine (T4) on reproductive function in the adult cockerel was followed for 11 weeks. Broiler cockerels aged 96 weeks were fed on diets containing either 0, 2 or 5 mg T4/kg for 4 weeks. 2. Daily sperm output (DSO) was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) in the T4-treated groups compared with that of controls at weeks 5 and 7. In the group given 5 mg T4/kg, plasma testosterone concentration was significantly reduced (P < 0.01) compared with that in controls during the T4 treatment, in spite of the fact that there was a decrease in concentration in both control and experimental birds. Plasma luteinising hormone (LH) concentration was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in both of the groups given T4 treatments after 3 weeks. 3. Plasma testosterone concentrations and DSO had returned to control values at weeks 5 and 11 respectively, while plasma LH showed a transient but significant (P < 0.001) rebound after removal of thyroxine from the food. 4. In contrast to other variables, the pituitary responsivity to cLHRH-I injections, was not decreased during the feeding of the T4 diet but was, on the contrary, significantly increased (P < 0.05) during treatment with 5 mg T4/kg diet, and after the end of the treatment with 2 mg T4/kg diet. 5. These results provide some evidence for an inhibitory effect of large doses of T4 on the reproductive function in the adult cockerel. Although the possibility of a direct effect of T4 on the testes cannot be excluded, T4 is likely to act, at least in part, at the hypothalamo-pituitary level, and not through a reduction in the pituitary sensitivity to LHRH.

Crossover of the Hypothalamic Pituitary–Adrenal/Interrenal, –Thyroid, and –Gonadal Axes in Testicular Development

“…Like FSH, the biosynthesis of LH is subject to the influence of THs. Hypothyroid conditions decrease circulating LH concentrations or LH bioactivity in several vertebrates [e.g., cockerel [ G. gallus ; (51)], rat [ R. norvegicus ; (67)]] as well as the level of testosterone (T) [e.g., R. norvegicus ; (67, 68, 71)]. Similarly, severe hypothyroidism in R. norvegicus decreases proliferation of Leydig cells (109) and increases morphology alterations in the human testes (4, 110).…”