Effect of Throwing Kinematics and Kinetics on Different Ranges of Long Toss in Youth Baseball Players

Abstract

Long-toss throwing is a baseball exercise that enhances the throwing performance of youth players. However, throwing kinematics and kinetics have not been fully investigated. This study aimed to analyze the effect of throwing kinematics and kinetics on different ranges of long toss in 22 youth players of the same age. The throwing motion was analyzed as the range of long toss was increased by 10 m each time until the ball did not directly reach the target. The twelve subjects who could throw long distances had a significantly larger physique and larger throwing kinematics and kinetics compared to the other 10 subjects who could not. No differences in the proximal force of the shoulder and elbow joints were observed between the two groups. These findings suggest that baseball coaches should set a suitable range of long toss for youth players according to the individual’s physical growth and strength.

The medial inclination of the proximal tibia is associated with the external knee adduction moment in advanced varus knee osteoarthritis

“…The ground reaction force produced during walking was measured at 240 Hz using six force plates (Kistler Co., Switzerland) set on the ground. The knee joint moment during the stance phase and the loading response were mathematically derived by inverse dynamics (see Online Appendix 2) [23, 24]. The knee joint moments (Nm) were normalized by body height (m) and weight (N), and the unit was presented as [HTBW].…”

“…They are represented as the internal moment of the knee joint in the results section. To ease comprehension, in accordance with customary presentations, the external moments balanced with their internal moments were used as “the terminology” in the other sections (discussion and conclusions sections) [2, 24].…”