Effect of three triploidy induction methods on the growth and survival of larvae and post-larvae of the Caribbean scallopArgopecten nucleus

Abstract

Argopecten nucleus is a small scallop from the Caribbean Sea and a relatively new species for aquaculture. One of the key challenges to develop the farming operations for this species from the current pilot scale to commercial level is to improve its harvest size. In this study, we tested three different methods for triploidy induction. Additionally, the effect of these protocols on survival, developmental rate and size of larvae and post‐larvae were assessed. Three different mechanisms to stimulate the inhibition of the release of the second polar body were tested; (1) cold shock (18°C); (2) 6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP); (3) cytochalasin B (CB) and (4) dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO). The treatment with 6‐DMAP yielded the highest percentage of triploid larvae (39%). The survival and development rate, however, were higher in non‐treated larvae (control) than in the treatment groups. Interestingly, larvae from CB and the DMSO control groups exhibited lower growth rates in length than those from control and the other two treatments. No influence of the triploidy induction treatments was observed on post‐larvae survival, but the size of post‐larvae was larger for the cold shock treatment and DMSO control group. Our results indicate that the use of 6‐DMAP has the greatest potential to produce triploid larvae of A. nucleus without affecting negatively growth and survival of post‐larvae.

Tetraploid induction of Crassostrea hongkongensis and C. sikamea by inhibiting the polar body 1 release in diploid fertilized eggs

“…CB mainly affects actin polymerization, which is particularly important for forming the cleavage furrow of the polar body. The effect on fertilized eggs is almost immediate, so the induction time needs to be precisely controlled (Allen et al 1989;Barber et al 1992;Barreto-Hernández et al 2018). Our results confirmed that both the CB concentration and the induction duration strongly influenced the normal development of eggs and the tetraploid rates.…”

“…If the CB concentration is excessive low, the release of PB1 is not inhibited successfully, so the induction efficiency index is low. Also, if the CB concentration is excessive high, some eggs cannot develop normally, and the deformity rate begins to rise (Barreto-Hernández et al 2018;Ledu and McCombie 2003;Qin et al 2017). CB has some toxic effects on developing eggs, so the D larval rates of all experimental groups are significantly lower than that of the control group (Peachey and Allen 2016; Yang and Guo 2006b).…”

“…Since Stanley et al (1981) first successfully induced triploid Crassostrea virginica by inhibiting polar body 2 (PB2) release of diploid zygotes, many experts have demonstrated that triploid shellfish show fast growth, poor fertility, high survival rates, and good meat quality (Barreto-Hernández et al 2018;Degremont et al 2012;Hand et al 2004;Qin et al 2019;Wu et al 2019). Based on these advantages, triploid breeding has become an important part of shellfish breeding (Callam et al 2016;Francesc et al 2009;Nell 2002).…”

Triploid induction by hyperosmotic shock in the Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis

“…Triploid scallop induction has been performed in many species, such as C. farreri (Yang, Zhang, & Guo, ; C. C. Zhang et al, ), Chlamys varia (Barón, Diter, & Bodoy, ), C. nobilis (Komaru & Wada, ; Lin et al, ), A. ventricosus (Ruiz‐Verdugo, Allen, & Ibarra, ; Ruiz‐Verdugo et al, ), A. irradians (Tabarini, ; Yu et al, ), A. nucleus (Barreto‐Hernández, Velasco, & Winkler, ), A. purpuratus (Lohrmann & von Brand, ; Toro, Sanhueza, Paredes, & Canello, ), P. yessoensis (Chang et al, ; Meng et al, ; Z. C. Wang et al, ; Yang et al, ; Zhao, ), Pecten maximus (Beaumont, ), Placopecten magellanicus (Desroisers et al, ), and Nodipecten subnodosus (Maldonado‐Amparo, Ramírez, Ávila, & Ibarra, ). In addition, allotriploid hybrids like C. farreri ♀ × A. irradians ♂ (Meng et al, ) and C. farreri ♀ × P. yessoensis ♂ (Du, Yang, Liu, Zhou, & Wang, ) have also been developed.…”

“…In addition, allotriploid hybrids like C. farreri♀ × A. irradians♂ (Meng et al, 2009) and C. farreri♀ × P. yessoensis♂ (Du, Yang, Liu, Zhou, & Wang, 2004) have also been developed. The highest percentage of triploid larvae was obtained by inhibition of polar body II (PB2) formation using cytochalasin B (CB) (Komaru & Wada, 1989;Tabarini, 1984) or 6-dimethyla minopurine (6-DMAP) (Barreto-Hernández et al, 2018;Du et al, 2004;Meng et al, 2009). However, CB is highly toxic, which decreases the larval hatching and survival ratios and causes health risks to hatchery workers (Peachey & Allen, 2016).…”