“…Two groups of DSSC can be specified. The first one is based on two dyes, one of which is a new metal-free dye, and the other is a commercial metal-containing sensitizer, which is often Ru (e.g., N719, N3, HD-2) [ 7 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. It is worth noting that these PV cells exhibit higher efficiencies than devices containing only commercial dye in most cases.…”