“…High-energy MA, as a typical powder metallurgy process, involves the repeated fracturing, cold-welding, and re-fracturing of powder particles in a high-energy ball mill. MA process has demonstrated favorable capabilities in the formation of stable and metastable phases including solid solutions [7,8], intermediate phases [9,10], and even amorphous alloys [11,12]. In particular, during MA process the powders being milled undergo heavy macroscopic and microscopic deformations due to the continuous action of ball-powder-ball collisions, which provides a high possibility for the formation of nanocrystallites in as-milled powders [13][14][15].…”