Effect of the Suboccipital Musculature on Symptom Severity and Recovery after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Fakhran, Saeed; Qu, Chen; Lm, Alhilali

doi:10.3174/ajnr.a4730

Cited by 18 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Reduced CSA has been associated with greater symptom severity, longer recovery time, and headaches. 2 Loss of muscle mass can also occur when the density of a muscle decreases as a result of increased fatty infiltration. 1 In this case, the CSA of the muscle is seen to increase, whereas its density and functional capacity decrease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injury Threshold of Rectus Capitis Muscles at the Atlanto-occipital Joint

Hallgren

2017

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics

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The anatomic location of the RCL muscles, along with their high levels of passive stiffness, would be expected to facilitate the maintenance of atlanto-occipital joint congruence during normal daily activities. The level at which the RC posterior minor muscles failed could put them at risk of a strain injury during a rear end motor vehicle accident. Diagnostic and treatment protocols that apply forces to the upper cervical spine should be tailored to consider the patient's age, gender, and history of previous injuries to avoid overstretching RC muscles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Far more common are acute and chronic symptoms of head and neck pain, which are associated with soft tissue pathologies subsequent to whiplash-type distortions of the upper cervical spine. 1,2 Unfortunately, the source of these chronic symptoms is not clearly understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injury Threshold of Rectus Capitis Muscles at the Atlanto-occipital Joint

Hallgren

2017

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics

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“…The architecture of muscle, particularly the cross-sectional area (CSA), is a predictor of its force generation [15]. Previous research has focused on the CSA or relative CSA of the RCPmi muscle as biomechanical contributors to cervicocephalic pain syndrome, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and headache syndromes [10][11][12][13]16]. Several studies have shown that the CSA of adult RCPmi muscles is negatively correlated with the severity of chronic headaches [10][11][12][13]16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous research has focused on the CSA or relative CSA of the RCPmi muscle as biomechanical contributors to cervicocephalic pain syndrome, mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), and headache syndromes [10][11][12][13]16]. Several studies have shown that the CSA of adult RCPmi muscles is negatively correlated with the severity of chronic headaches [10][11][12][13]16]. Fernfindez-de-las-Penas et al [10,11] have shown that reduced axial CSA of the RCPmi is correlated with symptom severity in patients with chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) and mTBI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because the reduction in slice thickness lessens partial volume effects that may induce inaccuracy of SA measurement, three-dimensional (3D) MRI may facilitate accurate SA measurement of the RCPmi due to its thinner slices and isotropic postprocessed reconstruction. In the present study, physiologic CSA was not calculated though it is more commonly used in conventional calculations to determine muscle atrophy or hypertrophy [12,[16][17][18]. A narrow pointed tendon attaches the RCPmi to the tubercle on the posterior arch of the atlas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship between the sectional area of the rectus capitis posterior minor and the to be named ligament from 3D MR imaging

Sun

Han

Wang

et al. 2020

BMC Musculoskelet Disord

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Background: To evaluate the maximal sectional area (SA) of the rectus capitis posterior minor (RCPmi) muscle and its potential correlation with to be named ligament (TBNL) in the suboccipital area using 3D MR imaging. Methods: A total of 365 subjects underwent sagittal 3D T 2 WI MR imaging of the RCPmi and TBNL. Among them, 45 subjects were excluded due to a particular clinical history or poor image quality. Finally, 320 subjects met the inclusion criteria, including 138 men and 182 women. The 624 RCPmi muscles were classified into positive and negative groups according to their attachment to the TBNL. Two experienced radiologists manually measured the maximum SA of the RCPmi muscle on the parasagittal image with a 30°deviation from the median sagittal plane. The correlations between the SA and the subject's age, height, BMI, gender, handedness, and age-related disc degeneration were tested by Spearman analysis. The SA differences between different groups were compared using independent samples t-test. Results: A total of 123 RCPmi-TBNL attachments were identified in the positive group, while 501 RCPmi muscles were identified in the negative group. The SA of the 624 RCPmi muscles was 62.71 ± 28.72 mm 2 and was poorly correlated with the subject's age, BMI, or handedness, with no correlation with age-related disc degeneration. A fair correlation was found between the SA and the body height in the whole group, and poor correlation in each male/female group. The SA of the RCPmi muscle in males was significantly bigger than that in women ([75.54 ± 29.17] vs. [52.74 ± 24.07] mm 2). The SA of RCPmi muscle in the positive group was significantly smaller than that in the negative group ([55.95 ± 26.76] mm 2 vs. [64.37 ± 28.97] mm 2). Conclusions: Our results revealed a significantly smaller SA of the RCPmi in subjects with RCPmi-TBNL attachment. Besides, a larger SA of the RCPmi was correlated with the male gender. These findings suggest that the SA of the RCPmi ought to be interpreted with care for each patient since there could be considerable variations.

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