Effect of the phthalates exposure on sex steroid hormones in the US population

Zhu, Yuanduo; Han, Xu; Ge, Tanxi; Liu, Huan; Lin, Fan; Li, Li; Su, Liqin; Wang, Xianliang

doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113203

Cited by 18 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…This finding could be because these authors did not account for the weighting structure of complex survey data and collinearity among phthalate metabolites. In addition, our study differs from the study by Zhu et al 14 in the following aspects:…”

Section: Decreasing Shbg Concentrations Have Been Associated With Mul...contrasting

confidence: 59%

“…The detailed protocols for urine sample collection and their analysis, including data processing, quality assessment, and result computation for ensuring high standards, have been described in publications and on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. 14 A total of 13 metabolites from HMW or low-molecular-weight phthalates were quantified using a high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method. These metabolites include monocarboxynonyl phthalate (MCNP) of di-isodecyl phthalate (DDP), mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), and mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP); monocarboxyoctyl phthalate (MCOP) and monoisononyl phthalate (MNP) of di-isononyl phthalate (DNP); mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) of di-n-octyl phthalate (DiNOP); mono-n-butyl phthalate (MBP) of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP); monoethyl phthalate (MEP) of di-ethyl phthalate (DEP); mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP) of di-isobutyl phthalate; monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP) of benzylbutyl phthalate (BzBP); and cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid-mono(hydroxy-isononyl) ester (MHNCH) of 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid, di-isononyl ester (DINCH).…”

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on previous studies, 14,15,24 we recorded all potential confounders that included sociodemographic characteristics, such as age (years); race and ethnicity (Hispanic, Non-Hispanic Black, Non-Hispanic White, other [non-Hispanic Asian or other races, including multiracial]); annual household income (<$45 000, $45 000-$99 999, Ն$100 000, or unknown); country of birth (US-born or non-US-born); marital status (married or other [widowed, divorced, separated, never married, living with partner, or unknown]); educational level (Յhigh school diploma or >high school diploma); health behavior characteristics, including smoking status (yes or no), drinking status (yes or no), and physical activity (low or moderate/vigorous); and laboratory data, including urinary creatinine (milligrams per deciliter). We considered a priori adjustment of all of these potential covariates in multivariable analysis.…”

Section: Covariatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Exposure to Phthalate Metabolites With Sex Hormones, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome in US Women

et al. 2022

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ImportanceObesity and metabolic syndrome are highly prevalent among the US population and are associated with the dysregulation of sex hormones. An increase in obesity and metabolic syndrome may also be associated with exposure to phthalates. The association of exposure to phthalate metabolites with sex hormones and metabolic health has been understudied in the female population.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association between exposure to common phthalate metabolites with total testosterone (TT) levels, sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) levels, obesity, and metabolic syndrome among women.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used data collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey during 2013 to 2016. Female participants aged 15 years or older with urinary profiles containing common phthalate metabolites were included in this study. Statistical analyses were performed from March 15, 2021, to April 30, 2022.ExposuresUrinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites were classified into tertiles, and the lowest tertile was used as a reference category. The concentrations of phthalate metabolites and their composite scores based on clustering were also used in the analysis.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSerum concentrations of TT and SHBG were dichotomized into high TT levels (&gt;46 ng/dL [to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 0.0347] for age &lt;50 years and &gt;32 ng/dL for age ≥50 years) and low SHBG levels (&lt;2.85 μg/mL [to convert to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 10.53]) as established for the female population. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of 30 or more (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), and metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria. The serum concentrations of TT and SHBG were also included in the validation analyses. Modified Poisson models were used to estimate the adjusted relative risk (RR) with 95% CIs for the associations.ResultsAmong the 2004 women included in this study, the mean (SD) age was 46.6 (18.5) years (14.7% Hispanic participants, 62.7% non-Hispanic White participants, and 13.2% non-Hispanic Black participants; 17.4% of participants were born outside the US [weighted percentages]; 230 (11.8%) had high TT levels, 210 (10.4%) had low SHBG levels, 825 (39.8%) had obesity, and 965 (45.5%) had metabolic syndrome (weighted percentages). Of the 13 phthalate metabolites, 8 had the highest tertile level greater than 6.2 ng/mL (range, 0.5-75.2 ng/mL). High levels of exposure to mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (RR, 1.84 [95% CI, 1.33-2.54]), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (RR, 1.77 [95% CI, 1.21-2.59]), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (RR, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.34-2.81]), and monobenzyl phthalate (RR, 1.75 [95% CI, 1.21-2.54]) were associated with low SHBG levels but not with high TT levels. High levels of exposure to some of these metabolites were also associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Most associations were specific to premenopausal or postmenopausal women.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, exposure to certain phthalate metabolites could be associated with low SHBG levels, obesity, and metabolic syndrome depending on menopausal status.

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Section: Decreasing Shbg Concentrations Have Been Associated With Mul...contrasting

confidence: 59%

Section: Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Covariatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of Exposure to Phthalate Metabolites With Sex Hormones, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome in US Women

et al. 2022

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“…DINCH may also adversely affect gestational hormones, with potential for gestational age and fetal sex-specific associations such as urinary DINCH metabolites found positively associated with total serum estrogens—2.4% higher with every two-fold increase in metabolites [ 32 ]. In another recent study [ 27 ], the serum testosterone concentrations were negatively associated with urinary DINCH metabolites.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the alternate plasticizers DEHA and DINCH were detected in up to 86% of foods (hamburgers, chicken nuggets, fries, chicken burritos, and cheese pizzas) sampled from top-ranked restaurants in Texas, USA [ 23 ]. A recent study reported 56% of human serum samples from a US population had detectable levels of DINCH metabolites [ 27 ]. In another study, alternate plasticizers have been detected in urinary samples of school kids from many countries, including Saudi Arabia [ 28 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Emerging Non-Phthalate Alternate Plasticizers against Thyroid Hormone Receptor: A Structural Perspective

Zughaibi

Sheikh

Beg

2022

Toxics

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Many endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have a ubiquitous presence in our environment due to anthropogenic activity. These EDCs can disrupt hormone signaling in the human and animal body systems including the very important hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis causing adverse health effects. Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are hormones of the HPT axis which are essential for regulation of metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, growth, development, etc. In this study, potential endocrine-disrupting activity of the most common phthalate plasticizer, DEHP, and emerging non-phthalate alternate plasticizers, DINCH, ATBC, and DEHA against thyroid hormone receptor (TRα) were characterized. The structural binding characterization of indicated ligands was performed against the TRα ligand binding site employing Schrodinger’s induced fit docking (IFD) approach. The molecular simulations of interactions of the ligands against the residues lining a TRα binding pocket, including bonding interactions, binding energy, docking score, and IFD score were analyzed. In addition, the structural binding characterization of TRα native ligand, T3, was also done for comparative analysis. The results revealed that all ligands were placed stably in the TRα ligand-binding pocket. The binding energy values were highest for DINCH, followed by ATBC, and were higher than the values estimated for TRα native ligand, T3, whereas the values for DEHA and DEHP were similar and comparable to that of T3. This study suggested that all the indicated plasticizers have the potential for thyroid hormone disruption with two alternate plasticizers, DINCH and ATBC, exhibiting higher potential for thyroid dysfunction compared to DEHA and DEHP.

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Associations between exposure to phthalates, phenols, and parabens with objective and subjective measures of sleep health among Mexican women in midlife: a cross-sectional and retrospective analysis

Zamora

Peterson

Goodrich

et al. 2023

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Effect of the phthalates exposure on sex steroid hormones in the US population

Cited by 18 publications

References 49 publications

Association of Exposure to Phthalate Metabolites With Sex Hormones, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome in US Women

Association of Exposure to Phthalate Metabolites With Sex Hormones, Obesity, and Metabolic Syndrome in US Women

Insights into the Endocrine Disrupting Activity of Emerging Non-Phthalate Alternate Plasticizers against Thyroid Hormone Receptor: A Structural Perspective

Associations between exposure to phthalates, phenols, and parabens with objective and subjective measures of sleep health among Mexican women in midlife: a cross-sectional and retrospective analysis

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