B lood transfusion is the main treatment for surgical blood loss.Patients and their physicians often evaluate transfusion in terms of the risk of adverse events. Their perceptions may alter the ability to obtain informed consent and the responsiveness to a patient's preferences, needs, and values. Because patient-centered care is the norm in current practice, clinicians must have an understanding of a patient's perceptions of transfusion practice and incorporate this knowledge into shared decision making. This survey study was performed to determine preoperative patients' perceptions of transfusion as associated with age, sex, race, education level, and blood donor status. The investigators also sought to determine whether the patients' perceptions differed from those of anesthesiologists and surgeons.The paper survey for the patients was essentially identical to the electronic survey for clinicians. They were questionnaires about knowledge and attitudes. Each survey asked about demographic information, perceptions of the overall risk of blood transfusions, level of concern about 5 known adverse events with blood transfusion, and perceptions of the frequency of these 5 adverse events, including allergic reaction, fever, dyspnea, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) or hepatitis, and medical error. No question was included in the patient survey regarding the risk of donating blood. A 5-point Likert scale was used to generate a transfusion-related risk score, adverse event concern, and adverse event frequency. Patients completed the survey during routine outpatient preoperative evaluation. Full-time faculty from the departments of anesthesiology and surgery were recruited. All patient and clinician responses were anonymous. Conventional inferential biostatistics were used, and a P < 0.05 indicated statistical significance.A total of 294 patients and 73 physicians completed the surveys. The patients had a mean age of 55 years; most were women. Most patients were white, with African Americans the most common minority. Among the patients, 24% had previously received a blood transfusion, and 95% said they would have one if recommended by their physician; only 18% were aware of alternatives to blood transfusion. Twenty percent of the patients (95% confidence interval [CI], 15%-25%) perceived blood transfusion as being either "very often risky" or "always risky." African American race and having a high school or less level of education were associated with greater perceived overall blood transfusion risk (P = 0.028 and 0.022, respectively). For adverse events, African American race (P = 0.001) and high school or less education (P = 0.009) were associated with a greater concern about allergic reaction, fever (P < 0.001; P = 0.039), and dyspnea (P = 0.001; P = 0.004). Having a high school or less level of education was associated with a greater concern about HIV/AIDS and hepatitis (P = 0.003) and medical error (P = 0.039). Of 64 recruited anesthesiologists and 89 recruited surgeons, 3...