Effect of the Modifications on the Physicochemical and Biological Properties of β-Glucan—A Critical Review

Yuan, Haiqing; Lan, Ping; He, Yan; Li, Chengliang; Ma, Xinbin

doi:10.3390/molecules25010057

Cited by 50 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 109 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…The pharmaceutical application of β-glucans is also limited by its purity, toxicity, viscosity, and weak solubility [ 7 , 107 ]. As an acceptable level of solubility is one of the most important parameters for pharmaceutical agents, improvement of the low solubility of β-glucans is required.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The β-glucans, a group of polysaccharides consisting of β-(1,3)-linked β- d -glucopyranosyl units as the backbone and β-(1,6)-linked branching chain, exist widely in fungi, plants, some bacteria, seaweeds, and cereals [ 1 , 2 ]. While the anti-tumor, anti-infective, and immunomodulatory activities of β-glucans have been well discussed [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ], their role in bone metabolism has not been reviewed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological Effects of β-Glucans on Osteoclastogenesis

et al. 2021

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Although the anti-tumor and anti-infective properties of β-glucans have been well-discussed, their role in bone metabolism has not been reviewed so far. This review discusses the biological effects of β-glucans on bone metabolisms, especially on bone-resorbing osteoclasts, which are differentiated from hematopoietic precursors. Multiple immunoreceptors that can recognize β-glucans were reported to be expressed in osteoclast precursors. Coordinated co-stimulatory signals mediated by these immunoreceptors are important for the regulation of osteoclastogenesis and bone remodeling. Curdlan from the bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis negatively regulates osteoclast differentiation in vitro by affecting both the osteoclast precursors and osteoclast-supporting cells. We also showed that laminarin, lichenan, and glucan from baker’s yeast, as well as β-1,3-glucan from Euglema gracilisas, inhibit the osteoclast formation in bone marrow cells. Consistent with these findings, systemic and local administration of β-glucan derived from Aureobasidium pullulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae suppressed bone resorption in vivo. However, zymosan derived from S. cerevisiae stimulated the bone resorption activity and is widely used to induce arthritis in animal models. Additional research concerning the relationship between the molecular structure of β-glucan and its effect on osteoclastic bone resorption will be beneficial for the development of novel treatment strategies for bone-related diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Effects of β-Glucans on Osteoclastogenesis

et al. 2021

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“…The primary backbone structure of BDG is presented in Figure 3 , with a fungi-typical (1→6)-β-linked glucose branch. The β linkage imposes steric constraints upon the orientation of the adjacent glucose molecules leading to the formation of a helical structure as the polyglucan chain becomes elongated [ 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Side chain addition, or branching, in multiple forms and with multiple moieties is also observed to occur, creating characteristic BDG types among different taxonomic groups [ 37 ].…”

Section: (1→3)-β-glucan Distribution and Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Specificity Influences in (1→3)-β-d-Glucan-Supported Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Disease

Finkelman

2020

JoF

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(1→3)-β-glucan (BDG) testing as an adjunct in the diagnosis of invasive fungal disease (IFD) has been in use for nearly three decades. While BDG has a very high negative predictive value in this setting, diagnostic false positives may occur, limiting specificity and positive predictive value. Although results may be diagnostically false positive, they are analytically correct, due to the presence of BDG in the circulation. This review surveys the non-IFD causes of elevated circulating BDG. These are in the main, iatrogenic patient contamination through the use of BDG-containing medical devices and parenterally-delivered materials as well as translocation of intestinal luminal BDG due to mucosal barrier injury. Additionally, infection with Nocardia sp. may also contribute to elevated circulating BDG. Knowledge of the factors which may contribute to such non-IFD-related test results can improve the planning and interpretation of BDG assays and permit investigational strategies, such as serial sampling and BDG clearance evaluation, to assess the likelihood of contamination and improve patient care.

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“…Specifically, routes of administration, dose, time points, populations and length of treatment all vary in preclinical and clinical applications. This approach has led to apparently conflicting findings [ 188 ].…”

Section: Translational Challenges and Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Glucan Metabolic and Immunomodulatory Properties and Potential for Clinical Application

Murphy

Rezoagli

Major

et al. 2020

JoF

123

103

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β-glucans are complex polysaccharides that are found in several plants and foods, including mushrooms. β-glucans display an array of potentially therapeutic properties. β-glucans have metabolic and gastro-intestinal effects, modulating the gut microbiome, altering lipid and glucose metabolism, reducing cholesterol, leading to their investigation as potential therapies for metabolic syndrome, obesity and diet regulation, gastrointestinal conditions such as irritable bowel, and to reduce cardiovascular and diabetes risk. β-glucans also have immune-modulating effects, leading to their investigation as adjuvant agents for cancers (solid and haematological malignancies), for immune-mediated conditions (e.g., allergic rhinitis, respiratory infections), and to enhance wound healing. The therapeutic potential of β-glucans is evidenced by the fact that two glucan isolates were licensed as drugs in Japan as immune-adjuvant therapy for cancer in 1980. Significant challenges exist to further clinical testing and translation of β-glucans. The diverse range of conditions for which β-glucans are in clinical testing underlines the incomplete understanding of the diverse mechanisms of action of β-glucans, a key knowledge gap. Furthermore, important differences appear to exist in the effects of apparently similar β-glucan preparations, which may be due to differences in sources and extraction procedures, another poorly understood issue. This review will describe the biology, potential mechanisms of action and key therapeutic targets being investigated in clinical trials of β-glucans and identify and discuss the key challenges to successful translation of this intriguing potential therapeutic.

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Effect of the Modifications on the Physicochemical and Biological Properties of β-Glucan—A Critical Review

Cited by 50 publications

References 109 publications

Biological Effects of β-Glucans on Osteoclastogenesis

Biological Effects of β-Glucans on Osteoclastogenesis

Specificity Influences in (1→3)-β-d-Glucan-Supported Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Disease

β-Glucan Metabolic and Immunomodulatory Properties and Potential for Clinical Application

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