Effect of the Impurities on Drugs, Metabolism, and the Role of the Isoenzyme CYP3A4

Abstract

Medicinal drugs have found great use in health treatment, and their use has increased after the COVID-19 pandemic. The health crisis caused by the coronavirus made the national authority for the control of medicinal drugs in Kosovo activates the institutional mechanisms for the control of drugs. Analyzing the excessive concentration of heavy metals in drugs and the adverse effects on the body since they reduce the positive effects of the drug. Methods. The research was conducted during the years 2020-2022 in Kosovo, the samples (over 30 patients) were studied, in 40 medical examinations, how the cytochrome P450 enzymatic system works and the impact on anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs are metabolized by cytochrome CYP4502C9, which carries multiple inherited polymorphisms in the coding sequences, and by two varieties of this enzyme (cytochrome), CYP4502C9*2/3. Results. The presence of heavy metals in drugs is a concern related to neurotoxicity nephrotoxicity hepatic toxicity cardiovascular effects, immunotoxicity and carcinogenicity. The control of the content of elemental impurities is an important aspect of the quality assurance system of medicines and human health. Analytical studies of the amount of heavy metals in paracetamol samples X1 and X2 for the five metals studied, Arsenic in sample X1 showed a high presence of elements with a value of 5.07% among other metals. Nickel varies with a value of 4.91% in paracetamol X2 samples, the highest value for the analyzed plants. The analytical results of the studied medicinal plant "Matricaria Chamomilla" showed that the presence of Lead has a value of 3.7% compared to other metals in medicinal plants, while Mercury varies with 4.7%).Conclusions. Impurities in drugs often have unwanted or toxic effects on human health. Nowadays, knowledge about the negative effects of heavy metals is important for human health. Heavy metals enter the grass chain during the production process and impurities from natural raw materials.