Effect of the Gamma-Ray Irradiation on the Properties of an Epoxy Encapsulant

Abstract

The influence of 60Co gamma-ray irradiation on the chemical compositions and properties of an epoxy encapsulant was investigated. The total irradiation dose varied from 0.1 kGy to 100 kGy with a fixed dose rate of 500 Gy/h. Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and discoloration proved the occurrence of oxidation caused by the irradiation. Tg and density remained unchanged owing to the competing effects of irradiation-induced degradation and crosslinking. The tensile strength, impact strength and electrical strength did not decrease distinctly until the irradiation dose reached above 11 kGy. Rubbery coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE), relative permittivity and dissipation factor, on the contrary, were more sensitive to the oxidation and increased sharply when the irradiation dose was only 0.1 kGy. Our results suggested that the evolution of CTEs and dielectric properties could affect the long-term application and reliability of the epoxy encapsulant in the irradiative environment.

Effectiveness on Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction for Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Life Review and Reminiscence Therapy across Settings

“…The forest plot (Figure 3) showed a significant effect of life review and reminiscence therapy for improving quality of life among older adults (SMD 1.07; 95% CI 0.48 to 1.66; I 2 = 95.50%; p < 0.001). Fifteen RCTs, involving 1280 participants, reported the effects of life review and reminiscence therapy on quality of life using the Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (Qol-AD) [27,37,39,42,[45][46][47], the Control, Autonomy, Self-realisation and Pleasure Quality of Life questionnaire (CASP-19) [20], the Dementia Quality of Life (DQoL) [50], the Euroqol questionnaire (EQ-5D) [32], the Generic Quality of Life Inventory-74 (GQoLI-74) [25], the Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) [36], the 36-item Short-Form (SF-36) [38], the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL_BREF) [44], and the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-100) [23]. The forest plot (Figure 3) showed a significant effect of life review and reminiscence therapy for improving quality of life among older adults (SMD 1.07; 95% CI 0.48 to 1.66; I 2 = 95.50%; p < 0.001).…”

“…Figure 5. Sensitivity analysis of the included studies on quality of life[20,23,25,27,32,[36][37][38][39]42,[44][45][46][47]50].…”