Abstract:Daily counts of non-accidental deaths in Santiago, Chile, from 1988 to 1996 were regressed on six air pollutantsfine particles (PM 2.5 ), coarse particles (PM 10-2.5 ), CO, SO 2 , NO 2 , and O 3 . Controlling for seasonal and meteorological conditions was done using three different modelsa generalized linear model, a generalized additive model, and a generalized additive model on previously filtered data. Single-and two-pollutant models were tested for lags of 1-5 days and the average of the previous 2-5 days.… Show more
“…Epidemiological and toxicological studies conducted on particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 mm or less (PM 2.5 ), although limited in number, indicate that PM 2.5 has substantially greater toxicity than larger particles (Schwartz et al, 1996;Burnett et al, 2000;Cifuentes et al, 2000). One reason for the lack of studies investigating the health effects of PM 2.5 may be that it was not consistently monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) until 1999.…”
While fine mode particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) forms the basis for regulating particles in the US and other countries, there is a serious paucity of large population-based studies of its acute effect on mortality. To address this issue, we examined the association between PM 2.5 and both all-cause and specificcause mortality using over 1.3 million deaths in 27 US communities between 1997 and 2002. A two-stage approach was used. First, the association between PM 2.5 and mortality in each community was quantified using a case-crossover design. Second, meta-analysis was used to estimate a summary effect over all 27 communities. Effect modification of age and gender was examined using interaction terms in the case-crossover model, while effect modification of community-specific characteristics including geographic location, annual PM 2.5 concentration above 15 mg/m 3 and central air conditioning prevalence was examined using meta-regression. We observed a 1.21% (95% CI 0.29, 2.14%) increase in all-cause mortality, a 1.78% (95% CI 0.20, 3.36%) increase in respiratory related mortality and a 1.03% (95% CI 0.02, 2.04%) increase in stroke related mortality with a 10 mg/m 3 increase in previous day's PM 2.5 . The magnitude of these associations is more than triple that recently reported for PM 10 , suggesting that combustion and traffic related particles are more toxic than larger sized particles. Effect modification occurred in all-cause and specific-cause deaths with greater effects in subjects Z75 years of age. There was suggestive evidence that women may be more susceptible to PM 2.5 effects than men, and that effects were larger in the East than in the West. Increased prevalence of central air conditioning was associated with a decreased effect of PM 2.5 . Our findings describe the magnitude of the effect on all-cause and specific-cause mortality, the modifiers of this association, and suggest that PM 2.5 may pose a public health risk even at or below current ambient levels.
“…Epidemiological and toxicological studies conducted on particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 mm or less (PM 2.5 ), although limited in number, indicate that PM 2.5 has substantially greater toxicity than larger particles (Schwartz et al, 1996;Burnett et al, 2000;Cifuentes et al, 2000). One reason for the lack of studies investigating the health effects of PM 2.5 may be that it was not consistently monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) until 1999.…”
While fine mode particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) forms the basis for regulating particles in the US and other countries, there is a serious paucity of large population-based studies of its acute effect on mortality. To address this issue, we examined the association between PM 2.5 and both all-cause and specificcause mortality using over 1.3 million deaths in 27 US communities between 1997 and 2002. A two-stage approach was used. First, the association between PM 2.5 and mortality in each community was quantified using a case-crossover design. Second, meta-analysis was used to estimate a summary effect over all 27 communities. Effect modification of age and gender was examined using interaction terms in the case-crossover model, while effect modification of community-specific characteristics including geographic location, annual PM 2.5 concentration above 15 mg/m 3 and central air conditioning prevalence was examined using meta-regression. We observed a 1.21% (95% CI 0.29, 2.14%) increase in all-cause mortality, a 1.78% (95% CI 0.20, 3.36%) increase in respiratory related mortality and a 1.03% (95% CI 0.02, 2.04%) increase in stroke related mortality with a 10 mg/m 3 increase in previous day's PM 2.5 . The magnitude of these associations is more than triple that recently reported for PM 10 , suggesting that combustion and traffic related particles are more toxic than larger sized particles. Effect modification occurred in all-cause and specific-cause deaths with greater effects in subjects Z75 years of age. There was suggestive evidence that women may be more susceptible to PM 2.5 effects than men, and that effects were larger in the East than in the West. Increased prevalence of central air conditioning was associated with a decreased effect of PM 2.5 . Our findings describe the magnitude of the effect on all-cause and specific-cause mortality, the modifiers of this association, and suggest that PM 2.5 may pose a public health risk even at or below current ambient levels.
“…Prior analyses indicate that particulate matter less than 10 mm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 10 ) may be associated with preterm birth in southern California (Ritz et al, 2000); in the Czech Republic, exposure to high levels of PM 10 and particulate matter with less than 2.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) were found to reduce intrauterine growth (Dejmek et al, 1999). PM 2.5 appears to be the more potent portion of the particulate matter mixture, resulting in different adverse health risks than those from exposure to PM 10 or coarse particles (PM 10 -PM 2.5 ) (Cifuentes et al, 2000;Schwartz and Neas, 2000). Furthermore, PM 2.5 offers a measure for pollutant exposure with relatively high correlations between ambient and indoor concentrations (U.S. EPA, 1996).…”
Although studies suggest that air pollution is linked to perinatal outcomes, the geographic characterization of exposure to pollution differs between the studies. We compared neighborhood-and county-level measures of air pollution exposure, while examining the association between particulate matter less than 2.5 mm in aerodynamic diameter (PM 2.5 ) and birth weight among full-term births in California in 2000. To reduce the effects of demographic variability, our analysis was limited to two populations of 8579 non-Hispanic white and 8114 Hispanic mothers who were married, between 20 and 30 years of age, completed at least a high school education, and gave birth for the first time. Measurements from the nearest monitor, and average and distance-weighted average of monitors within a 5-mile radius from each mother's residence (constituting neighborhood metrics) and the mean of monitors within each mother's county of residence were considered. PM 2.5 measurements, provided by the California Air Resources Board, were calculated to correspond to each mother's 9-month gestation period. Although metrics within the 5-mile radii and the county were highly correlated (r 2 ¼ 0.78), the county-level metric provided a stronger association between PM 2.5 and birth weight (b ¼ À4.04, 95% confidence interval ¼ À6.71, À1.37) than the metric for the average of all monitors within 5-miles (b ¼ À1.38, 95% confidence interval ¼ À3.36, 0.60) among non-Hispanic white mothers; similar results were observed among the Hispanic sample of mothers. Consequently, inferences from studies using different definitions of air pollution exposure may not be comparable.
“…Other studies suggest that it is the finer particles, which have the greatest impact on health (Schwartz et al 1996;Cifuentes et al 2000), which is supported by the fact that PM 2.5 penetrates the human respiratory system more efficiently into the alveolar region. Nevertheless, studies have also found that higher concentrations of coarse particles (PM 2.5-10 ) can also increase overall mortality rates (Castillejos et al 2000).…”
This paper gives detailed comprehensive review of atmospheric assessment of particulate matter and heavy metals. Previous research works executed on this subject matter in the past four decades were adequately scrutinized. Various equipments for assessing atmospheric particulate matter and heavy metals were presented. Mathematical modeling equations for source apportionment and characterization, deposition rate prediction and health risk characterization of PM 10 were also presented. However, the following conclusions were made: (1) there is need for improvement on the mathematical models by reducing the number of assumptions made in developing them. (2) Comparative analysis of concentrations of heavy metals in the atmosphere under the same environment for different methodologies should be executed for accuracy purposes. (3) Cost implication of assessing, monitoring and controlling these unfriendly substances should be examined, and hence, involvement of cost engineers may be of immense help. (4) Further research works should be done on Air-Q 2.2.3 model currently identified as a new methodology for provision of quantitative data on the impact of particulate matter exposure on the health of people. (5) Compliance monitoring networks should be designed to ease data collection for the observables, locations and time periods that allowed receptor models to be applied. (6) There is need for much more research works that enable optimal control and regulation of emission of heavy metals into the atmosphere in order to reduce health effects of these inhalable substances.
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