Effect of the febrile reaction on the kallikrein-kinin system of lymph and blood

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Experiments on rabbits showed that, in the course of a febrile reaction, alterations in the activities of the kallikrein-kinin, proteolytic, and antiproteolytic systems of the lymph and blood are of a systemic nature, i.e., they occur in all components of humoral transport, attesting to the close interrelationship and unity of these systems in body fluids. Depending on the duration of the febrile reaction, the time course of these systems' components was characterized by phasic increases and decreases in their activity.Key Words: kallikrein-kinin system; lymph; febrile reaction Given the constancy of transcapillary exchange among components of the kallikrein-kinin system (blood -tissue fluid [and cellular elements of the reticuloendothelial system of internal organs] lymph -blood), alterations in its activity during a febrile response should be expected to affect not only the blood but the lymph as well. The resorptive and transporting functions of the lymphatic system may in turn mediate alterations in levels of individual components of the kalli&rein-kinin (KK) system in the blood. On the other hand, there is evidence that the kin_in system plays an important role in the central mechanisms of febrile reactions [4]. In our view, a better insight into the involvement of kinins in febrile reactions of various duration can be gained by undertaking a comparative analysis of alterations that occur during such a reaction in components of the KK, proteolytic, and antiproteolytic systems of the lymph (drained from various body areas) and of the peripheral blood. MATERIALS AND METHODSFor the study, 76 Chinchilla rabbits weighing 2.5 to 4.2 kg were used. A febrile reaction was pro- duced by intravenous injection of a lipopolysaccharide pyrogen (Pyrogenal) as described previously [8]. Lymph was collected from the thoracic lymphatic duct, the postnodal portion of the hepatic lymphatic duct, and the intestinal lymphatic trunk; blood was taken from the femoral vein. At different times during febrile reactions of varying length, lymph and blood samples were assayed for kininogen [9], prekallikrein, fast-and slow-reacting kallikrein inhibitors (FKI, SKI) [7], a-2-macroglobulin (a-2-MG) [2], and a-l-inhibitor of proteinases (a-l-PI) [13]. Lymph and blood were collected under conditions preventing spontaneous production and degradation of kinins. As controls, rabbits injected with apyrogenic physiological saline were used. Euthanasia after the tests was performed with a lethal dose of a narcotic substance. RESULTSAs can be seen in Table 1, the lymph samples contained all KK system components required for the formation and inactivation of kinins. Since kinins are normally incapable of penetrating through the vessel wall in an active state [16], their pres-

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Kallikrein-kinin, proteolytic, and antiproteolytic systems of the lymph during febrile reactions

Minnebaev¹,

Mukhutdinova²,

Minnebaev³

1994

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“…Febrile reaction was induced as described previously [6,7]. In rabbits, the lymph (from the thoracic duct) and blood (from femoral vein) were taken during FR rise and Department of Pathophysiology, Kasan' State Medical University decay after a single injection of pyrogenal and on the next day after 3 or 5 daily injections.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of contrykal on lymph and blood kallikrein-kinin systems and contractile activity of lymphatic microvessels during fever

Mukhutdinova¹

1999

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Contrykal prevented activation of the kallikrein-kinin system in the lymph and blood during short-term fever, reduced it during long-term fever, and increased contractile activity of the walls and valves of lymphatic microvessels, thus accelerating lymph flow. Key Words: fever; conttykal; lymph; kallikrein-kinin systemFebrile reaction (FR) is accompanied by considerable changes in the functional activity of organs and systems and homeostatic disturbances. An important role in the homeostasis is played by the lymphatic system, which appropriate resorption and transport functions predetermine many qualitative and quantitative changes in metabolic processes at the level of the microcirculatory bed. Taking into account transcapillary exchange of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) components (blood--tissue fluid--lymph--blood), we revealed phase shifts in their content in the lymph flowing off from different regions and in the peripheral blood during FR of different duration [7]. It is known, that the kinin system plays an important role in the central mechanisms of fever.The present study was aimed at investigation of the effect of contrykal on the content of KKS components in the lymph and blood and contractile activity of lymphatic microvessels (LM) during FR. MATERIALS AND METHODSExperiments were carried out on 30 Chinchilla rabbits (2.5-4.2 kg) and 23 albino rats (150-200 g). Febrile reaction was induced as described previously [6,7]. In rabbits, the lymph (from the thoracic duct) and blood (from femoral vein) were taken during FR rise and Department of Pathophysiology, Kasan' State Medical University decay after a single injection of pyrogenal and on the next day after 3 or 5 daily injections. The samples were analyzed for the content of kininogenin [10], prekallikrein [2], kallikrein [12], and free kinins [11] and kininase activity [ 12]. Spontaneous formation and destruction of kinins in samples was prevented. Contrykal in a daily dose of 3000 antitrypsin U/kg in 20 ml apyrogenic saline was intravenously infused 30 min after pyrogenal injection.In rats, contractile activities of the walls and valvules of mesenteric LM were studied by vital microscopy [1,13] during the rise and decay of FR caused by single injection ofpyrogenal after local application of contrykal (100 antitrypsin U in 0.2 ml apyrogenic saline). In control rats, the preparation was administered by the same route. The data were analyzed statistically.

“…A febrile reaction was produced by intravenous injection of a lipopolysaccharide pyrogen (Pyrogenal) as described previously [5]. Lymph was collected from the thoracic lymphatic duct, postnodal portion of the hepatic lymphatic duct, and the intestinal lymphatic trunk; blood was taken from the femoral vein.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of febrile reactions on the distribution of carbohydrate and protein metabolic products in body fluids

Minnebaev¹,

Mukhutdinova²,

Minnebaev³

1994

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It is shown that in rabbits with fever the lymphatic system is involved together with the circulatory system in the resorption of metabolic products from intercellular spaces of organs and tissues and in the transport of these products to the general circulation. In cases of a long-lasting febrile reaction, the toxicity of lymph greatly increases as a consequence of a rise in its content of creatinine and urea. Key Words: lymph; febrile reaction; pyruvic and lactic acids; urea; creatinineIn studies concerned with the pathogenesis of febrile responses, much attention is given to metabolic changes in the body and particularly to disorders of protein and carbohydrate metabolism. However, the distribution pattern of various metabolites in body tissues and fluids during a febrile reaction remains unexplored. It is therefore interesting to speculate what role the lymphatic system may play in the resorption and transport from organs and tissues to the general circulation of metabolic products, i.e., in processes of their redistribution in the body during a febrile reaction.In this comparative study on rabbits, we measured levels of glucose, pyruvic and lactic acids, creatinine, and urea in the lymph drained from various body regions and in blood serum during febrile reactions of varying duration. MATERIALS AND METHODSFor the experiments, 63 Chinchilla rabbits weighing 2.5 to 4.2 kg were used. A febrile reaction was produced by intravenous injection of a lipopolysaccharide pyrogen (Pyrogenal) as described previously [5]. Lymph was collected from the thoracic lymphatic duct, postnodal portion of the hepatic lymphatic duct, and the intestinal lymphatic trunk; blood was taken from the femoral vein. Lymph and blood samples were assayed for levels of glucose (enzymatically), pyruvic and lactic acids [1,8], and urea and creatinine [4]. Euthanasia after the tests was performed with a lethal dose of a narcotic substance. RESULTSAs can be seen in Table 1, in the control group there were no major differences in the levels of glucose and urea between the body fluids assayed; creatinine, lactic acid, and pyruvic acid levels in the blood were higher than in the lymph.The febrile reaction was accompanied by elevation of glucose in the body fluids, particularly in the hepatic lymph, where its level rose 3.3-fold. The levels of pyruvic and lactic acids also rose, the rise in lactic acid being higher, indicating that excess lactate was accumulating in the body. Elevations of lactic acid in all three kinds of lymph