Effect of the EM Bokashi® Multimicrobial Probiotic Preparation on the Non-specific Immune Response in Pigs

Abstract

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of EM Bokashi® on the phagocytic activity of monocytes and granulocytes, oxidative burst, SWC3, and CD11b + CD18+ expression on monocytes and granulocytes, and the serum concentration of cytokine and lysozyme in pig. 60 Sixty female piglets were divided into two groups: I - control and II - experimental. For the experimental group, a probiotic in the form of the preparation EM Bokashi® was added to the basal feed. Flow cytometry was used to determine selected non-specific immune response parameters, intracellular production of hydrogen peroxide by peripheral granulocytes and monocytes, and surface particles in peripheral blood. The EM Bokashi® preparation used in the study was found to increase phagocytic activity mainly in monocytes, with an increased percentage of phagocytic cells in the experimental group. The highest serum lysozyme concentration in the piglets in the experimental group (2.89 mg/dl), was noted on day 42 of the study. In the group of pigs receiving EM Bokashi®, the percentage of phagocytic cells with SWC3 (monocyte/granulocyte) expression was statistically significantly higher than in the control. The increase in the number of cells with SWC3 (monocyte/granulocyte) expression in the peripheral circulation in combination with the greater capacity of the cells for phagocytosis and respiratory burst confirms that the non-specific immune response was modulated in the pigs supplemented with EM Bokashi®.

The Effect of Ag Nanoparticles and Multimicrobial Preparation as Factors Stabilizing the Microbiological Homeostasis of Feed Tables for Cornu aspersum (Müller) Snails on Snail Growth and Quality Parameters of Carcasses and Shells

“…The highest final body weight, as well as that during the second measurement, was found in the EM group, i.e., without the addition of nano-Ag in the paint but with the spraying of EM Bokashi ® preparation on the feed tables. Research has shown that this preparation may have probiotic effects for animals [19]. The studies by Charrier et al [27] indicate that the use of rich mixtures in snail nutrition reduces the decomposition of cellulose in the gut.…”

“…The technology of producing EM is based on a mixture of various yeast species, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria that produce organic acids, enzymes, compounds with antioxidant activity, and metal chelates [15]. Therefore, the use of EM in animal environments, or their addition to feed or water, can have a positive impact on the living environment of animals and lead to better growth, better feed conversion, and improved animal health [16][17][18][19].…”

Probiotics and postbiotics play a role in maintaining dermal health

“…Also, probiotic bacteria have a positive effect on the whole body by directly moving bacterial antigens into peripheral circulation through PMNLs. 99…”

“…Also, probiotic bacteria have a positive effect on the whole body by directly moving bacterial antigens into peripheral circulation through PMNLs. 99 Recent research has shown that gut bacteria may have an effect on the central nervous system. These gut microorganisms and their metabolites have an effect on neuroendocrine pathways, which control cutaneous stress responses.…”

The Effect of Glutamine as Feed Additive on Selected Parameters of the Nonspecific Immune Response in Pigs

“…Cytometric analysis of the samples was performed at up to 20,000 events per second in a flow cytometer (BD FACSVerse™, Becton Dickinson, Franklin Lakes, Brea, NJ, USA) according to the methodology described by Laskowska et al [24]. Monoclonal antibodies to porcine cell surface molecules labeled with a fluorochrome were used in the study: SWC3 (Mouse Anti-Porcine Monocyte/Granulocyte): FITC (clone 74-22-15, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA), CD11b (clone CA16.…”