Effect of the derivatives of andrographolide on the morphology of Bacillus subtilis

Abstract

Andrographis paniculata has been reported to have antiviral, antipyretic and anticancer activities. Andrographolide, an ent-labdane diterpene, is an active constituent in this plant. In this study, andrographolide (1) and its natural derivative 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (2) and 5 other semisynthetic derivatives were tested for their activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans. Only derivatives bearing a 14-acetyl group showed activity, and this activity was only against Gram-positive bacteria. 14-Acetylandrographolide showed the highest potency against Bacillus subtilis; the other 14-acetylandrographolides with additional substitution at the 3- and 19-hydroxyl groups showed lower activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The morphology of B. subtilis after being treated with 14-acetylandrographolide was investigated with TEM. This is the first report on 14-acetylandrographolide's quantified antibacterial activity, and the crucial functional group of this ent-labdane that plays an important role in perturbing the morphogenesis of B. subtilis leading to cell death.

AP-1/IRF-3 Targeted Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Andrographolide Isolated fromAndrographis paniculata

“…Likewise, carrageenan-induced inflammatory symptoms were also reported to be suppressed by methanolic extracts of Andrographis paniculata [42]. AG was identified as a major active component of Andrographis paniculata and has been demonstrated to have anti-inflammatory activity as assessed by the carrageenan-induced inflammation model [43], an ovalbumin-A-induced mouse asthma model [34] and an allergic-lung inflammation model [16]. Our experiments also clearly supported the anti-inflammatory effects of AG on inflammatory responses both in vitro and in vivo .…”

“…AG-containing Andrographis paniculata has been ethnopharmacologically used for a long time and is orally available [59, 60] as well as easily detected in serum [61]. Furthermore, several carrier systems have been developed to improve the oral adsorption of AG [62], and chemical derivatization of AG has already been performed by many scientists [43, 63]. Thus, together with the existing literature, our data strongly suggest that AG and/or its derivatives could be used as novel anti-inflammatory agents.…”

Biodegradation of Erythromycin with Environmental Microorganism Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3011

“…Erythromycin binds to 50S subunit of ribosomal RNA and in that way causes inhibition of the synthesis of proteins. 33 It is possible that erythromycin causes damage to the cytoplasmic membrane and compromises cell wall synthesis, leading to loss of cytoplasmic material 34 , which can result in change of cell structure.…”

A novel quantified bitterness evaluation model for traditional Chinese herbs based on an animal ethology principle

“…Bitterness exists in many natural products, natural medicines and the preparations of those products. For instance, andrographolide (a natural antibiotic) 28 and tetrandrine (an analgesic) 29 both taste strongly bitter. We counted the number of TCH in the 2015 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 18 .…”