Effect of the cooling rate on the fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites

Zhao, Dacheng; Li, Ting; Zhang, Haoxuan; Liu, Weiping; Yue, Guangquan; Pan, Lijun

doi:10.1177/08927057221074265

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…However, their thermoplastic matrices have high melting temperatures and high viscosity, which means that they require harsh thermoforming conditions, such as high temperatures and pressures, compared to thermoset composites [6]. Poor control of the thermoforming process often results in deformations such as warpage, spring-in, or spring-back after demolding, which further threatens the assembly quality and service life of the composite structure [7,8]. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop an effective in-situ thermoforming monitoring technique to ensure that the changed composite conforms to the original design.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature and strain monitoring during thermoforming of thermoplastic composite laminates using optical frequency domain reflectometry

Fan,

Chen,

et al. 2024

Smart Mater. Struct.

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In this study, optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) was used to monitor the thermoforming processes of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastics (CFRTPs) to address the limitations of conventional sensors including large size and low spatial resolution. A bare single-mode fiber with a polyimide coating and a fiber encapsulated by a long metal capillary were cascaded and embedded into composite laminates to withstand the high pressure and temperature during thermoforming, and then connected to the OFDR for monitoring. A fiber encapsulated by a 2 cm short metal capillary was also embedded to demonstrate that a 1 mm resolution of the OFDR is beneficial for reflecting the local change in the composite. After processing by wavelet denoising, signal extraction, and decoupling, the frequency shift along the optical fiber sensor was successfully converted to strain and temperature. In two repeated thermoforming experiments that involved cooling from 340 °C, the average temperature difference measured by the OFDR and reference thermocouple was only 4.64 °C. The strain measured by the OFDR and reference fiber Bragg grating (FBG) decreases in the cooling stage, and has a clear knee point of 250 °C when correlated with the temperature and strain. This knee point is consistent with the liquid–liquid transition temperature of the polyetherimide and indicates the beginning of consolidation when the composite changes its properties significantly. The average strain difference measured by OFDR and the reference FBG was 69 μϵ when the total strain is approximately 1820 μϵ if only considering the consolidation process from 250 °C. The results of 1 mm spatial resolution and high accuracy demonstrate that OFDR is a promising high-resolution sensing solution for the in-situ temperature and strain monitoring of the thermoforming of CFRTPs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature and strain monitoring during thermoforming of thermoplastic composite laminates using optical frequency domain reflectometry

Fan,

Chen,

et al. 2024

Smart Mater. Struct.

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“…Over the past few decades, carbon fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polymer composites (CFRPs) have been drawing significant attention as one of the promising lightweight solutions, especially for reducing CO 2 emissions in the aerospace industry and other high-performance applications. [1,2] In addition to the weight reduction of structural parts, high-performance thermoplastics offer recyclability, unlimited shelf life, chemical durability, and enhanced mechanical properties such as high specific strength, stiffness, toughness, fatigue resistance, and damage tolerance. [3][4][5][6] Among the high-performance thermoplastics used in aerospace applications, semi-crystalline poly aryl ether ketone (PAEK) polymers stand out with their low flammability, high thermal stability, glass transition temperature, corrosion resistance, and mechanical performance over a wide temperature range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is known that interface adhesion is related to the degree of crystallinity, [21] and the crystallization behavior of the matrix plays an essential role in the damage of the composites. [2] Current literature on PEEK and PEKK composites' thermomechanical behavior is significantly fewer and relatively old. [22,23] A limited amount of work has been reported on the thermal conditioning and aging behavior of PEKK composites, and current studies have focused on temperatures above glass transition temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally conditioned aerospace‐grade carbon fiber reinforced polyether ketone ketone composites: Structure, impact response, and thermomechanical performance

Şükür

2023

Polymer Composites

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Carbon fiber‐reinforced high‐performance thermoplastic composites have recently become an efficient alternative for aerospace engineering applications. However, the temperature sensitivity of semi‐crystalline carbon fiber/polyether‐ketone‐ketone (CF/PEKK) polymers revealed the necessity of investigating their performance in service conditions. This study aims to evaluate the effect of extreme service conditions on thermomechanical performance and fracture characteristics of CF/PEKK composite laminates. For this, aerospace‐grade composite laminates were manufactured with the automated fiber placement process and were exposed to extreme service temperatures of −50°C (Conditioned I), 180°C (Conditioned II), and initially 180°C following −50°C (Conditioned III), simulating critical service temperature ranges in aerospace applications. According to impact tests, the energy absorbance of CF/PEKK composites decreased in all thermal conditioning scenarios by up to 25%. Additionally, Conditioned I samples represented relatively low glass transition temperature and degree of crystallinity compared to the control samples; however, Conditioned II and Conditioned III samples exhibited an opposite behavior. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) investigations revealed a 13% reduction in the storage modulus for all thermal conditionings. While CF/PEKK composites represented ductile/brittle behavior at room temperature and high/low conditioning temperatures, their brittleness increased at −50°C, and the structure became ductile at 180°C. This study confirms that DMA is a powerful tool for determining the glass transition temperature for fiber‐reinforced composites with higher sensitivity and accuracy than DSC.

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“…Commonly-used resin in resin matrix composites contains two types: thermoset and thermoplastic composites. Thermoset composites have excellent chemical stability and low molding requirements, but their waste recycling difficulties make the development of the material gradually restricted [3] ; thermoplastic composites have more excellent performance at the same time, and can be stored at room temperature, but the material is more difficult to be molded, so more research is needed to solve the molding problem for practical application [4] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CF/PEKK advanced pultrusion thermoforming process temperature field simulation

Jin,

Wang,

Shi

et al. 2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Advanced pultrusion molding technology is one of the composite molding processes. It has unique advantages in the automated manufacturing of long trusses and long beam components. Thermoplastic composites are becoming popular for research in many fields such as aerospace because of their room-temperature storage and secondary use. Since the temperature history is critical to the molding quality of thermoplastic composites, the temperature field variation of CF/PEKK composites in the advanced pultrusion thermoforming process has been explored in the context of studying the advanced pultrusion molding process of thermoplastic composites in this paper. By constructing a 3D model of the temperature field and setting up a complete solution scheme in ANSYS simulation software, the simulated temperature field data were obtained, and a real-time temperature monitoring platform was set up to obtain the measured temperature data, and the comparison showed that the two temperature profiles fit well, which proved the applicability of the model and solution scheme to this study.

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Effect of the cooling rate on the fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites

Cited by 6 publications

References 24 publications

Temperature and strain monitoring during thermoforming of thermoplastic composite laminates using optical frequency domain reflectometry

Temperature and strain monitoring during thermoforming of thermoplastic composite laminates using optical frequency domain reflectometry

Thermally conditioned aerospace‐grade carbon fiber reinforced polyether ketone ketone composites: Structure, impact response, and thermomechanical performance

CF/PEKK advanced pultrusion thermoforming process temperature field simulation

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