Effect of the addition of Al2O3, ZnO and TiO2 on the crystallization behavior, thermal and some physical properties of lead borate glasses

Effects of composition on the structure, thermal and some physical characteristics of Bi2O3-B2O3-ZnO-SiO2 glasses

“…The finely ground powder was subsequently subjected to a sieving process. Specifically, the particles that successfully passed through a 270-mesh (53µm) sieve were collected for further DTA examination [14][15][16]. Differential Thermal Analysis was performed using a Derivatograf Q-1500D, which uses Pt crucibles to withstand the high temperatures involved in the analysis [17].…”

“…The peak temperature (T c ) of crystallization was identified as the apex of the exothermic peak, highlighting the point of most intense crystallization activity [13,18]. Subsequent studies aimed at detecting the presence of crystalline phases after the thermal treatment, which involved keeping the glass powder at the T c in an air atmosphere for five hours [15,16]. X-ray diffraction analysis using a DRON-3M instrument with Co-Kα radiation (1.79026 Å) confirmed the appearance of crystalline phases.…”

“…The study also utilized Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy to obtain transmitting spectra of the samples, using a Thermo-Nicolet Avatar 370 FT-IR Spectrometer in the 1400-400 cm −1 range, with a 2 cm −1 resolution [14][15][16]. For this, glass powder was blended with potassium bromide (KBr) in a 2:200 ratio and compressed into 13 mm diameter pellets [19].…”

“…For this, glass powder was blended with potassium bromide (KBr) in a 2:200 ratio and compressed into 13 mm diameter pellets [19]. The resulting spectra averaged over 32 scans against a KBr baseline [15,16], providing precise analysis.…”

“…Additionally, essential thermal attributes, including the dilatometric softening point (T d ), glass transition temperature (T g ), and the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) [14][15][16], were determined with high precision. These measurements were facilitated by a DILA GT-1300 dilatometer, which operated at a heating rate of 3°C/min, assessing the CTE across a 20 to 300°C temperature range [16].…”