Effect of the 3rd Dimension within the Representative Volume Element (RVE) on Damage Initiation and Propagation during Full-Phase Numerical Simulations of Single and Multi-Phase Steels

Abstract

In this research, the effect of 2D and 3D Representative Volume Element (RVE) on the ductile damage behavior in single-phase (only ferrite) and dual-phase (ferrite and martensite) steels is analyzed. Physical and fitting parameters of the constitutive model for bcc-ferrite and bcc-martensite phases are adapted from the already published work. Crystal plasticity (CP) based numerical simulations without damage consideration are run and, later, ductile damage criteria for the ferrite phase is defined for all cases. The results of the non-damage (-nD-) and damage (-D-) simulations are compared to analyze the global and local differences of evolving stresses and strains. It is observed that for the same model parameters defined in all cases, damage initiation occurs at the overall higher global strain in the case of 3D compared to 2D. Based on statistical data analysis, a systematic comparison of local results is carried out to conclude that the 3D RVEs provide better quantitative and qualitative results and should be considered for such full phase simulations. Whereas 2D RVEs are simple to analyze and provide appropriate qualitative information about the damage initiation sites.

Exploring the Structure–Property Relationship in Spheroidized C45EC Steel Using Full Phase Crystal Plasticity Numerical Simulations

“…The eternal goal of this approach is the optimal use of time, energy, and human resource for collecting valid information for producing application-dependent materials. [21,43,44] The current study provides interesting results and can be extended to fill the already mentioned shortcomings by constructing 3D RVEs and incorporating damage in the model which are addressed elsewhere, [12,14] and the readers are encouraged to refer to those published articles for more details. Machine learning can optimize the microstructural attributes, i.e., the grain size and precipitate distribution within the matrix.…”

“…It would probably start damaging earlier, as a combination of large ferrite grains and clustered cementite particles have been shown in the literature to negatively affect the material strength and ductility. [8,14,35] On the contrary, the small-sized dispersed cementite particles within the ductile ferrite grains have been reported to improve the overall material formability. [13,35] In the HR-CR-S case, the hot rolling helps break down the large ferrite and cementite grains due to recrystallization.…”

“…particle shape, size, morphology, and orientation in an improved way. [13][14][15] Therefore, actual EBSD data have been adopted to model the materials in the current study.…”

On Attempting to Create a Virtual Laboratory for Application-Oriented Microstructural Optimization of Multi-Phase Materials

“…The global and local deformation behavior was processed and analyzed later using already developed subroutines. Please refer to the work of Qayyum et al for detailed information about the methodology [52].…”

Micromechanical Effect of Martensite Attributes on Forming Limits of Dual-Phase Steels Investigated by Crystal Plasticity-Based Numerical Simulations

“…Consequently, it influences the component scale's material properties, particularly the material damage behavior [6]. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to investigate the relationship between the phases' heterogeneity and their microstructural attributes, especially martensite and ferrite fractions and their grain sizes [7].…”