Effect of Terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy at Environmental Concentrations on Early Life Stages of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpioL.)

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate effects of the triazine's herbicide terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy on early life stage of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) through antioxidant indices, mortality, growth, development, and histopathology. Based on accumulated mortality in the experimental groups, lethal concentrations of terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy were estimated at 35-day LC50 = 10.9 mg/L terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy. By day 15, fish were exposed to 3.5 mg/L and by day 26, fish were exposed to 0.0029 mg/L; real environmental concentration in Czech rivers, 0.07 mg/L, 1.4 mg/L, and 3.5 mg/L terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy, showed significantly lower mass and total length compared with controls. Based on inhibition of growth in the experimental groups, lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) = 0.002 mg/L terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy and no observed effect concentration (NOEC) = 0.0001 mg/L terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy. No significant negative effects on hatching or embryo viability were demonstrated at the concentrations tested, but significant differences in early ontogeny among groups were noted. Fish from the two highest tested concentrations showed a dose-related delay in development compared with the controls. Total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significant lower in all groups testedly for terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy compared with the control group. At concentrations of 1.4 and 3.5 mg/L damage to caudal kidney tubules when compared to control fish was found.

Effects of a herbicide and copper mixture on the quality of marine plankton

“…TBARS content as well revealed to be affected by copper (Bazihizina et al, 2015) and triazine herbicides (Velisek et al, 2014). In our case TBARS content was significantly predicted by the metal copper in the case of the diatom T. weissflogii and by the herbicide Primextra® in the case of the copepod A. tonsa.…”

Oxidative stress in triazine pesticide toxicity: a review of the main biomarker findings

“…Hostovsky et al (90) reported higher GR activity only when the common carp embryos and larvae were exposed to the higher terbuthylazine concentration (520 µg L -1 ) for 30 days. In contrast, Velisek et al (94) reported lower SOD activity even from exposure to the lowest concentration of terbuthylazine-2-hydroxy (2.9 µg L -1 ), whereas CAT and GR activities were not affected. Similar results for SOD were reported for a 31-day terbuthylazine-desethyl exposure starting with 1.8 µg L -1 , while no significant difference was found in TBARS, CAT, and GR (95).…”

“…However, even though this is a relevant topic, considering that levels as low as 0.1 µg L -1 of terbuthylazine and its metabolites in freshwater pose a risk for non-targeted aquatic species, the number of such studies is scarce. Since 2010, only a few studies have been published on common carp, zebrafish, the red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii), and marbled crayfish (Procambarus fallax f. virginalis) (45,47,(90)(91)(92)(93)(94)(95)(96)(97). Most investigated sub-chronic exposure to terbuthylazine at environmentally relevant concentrations and compared them with exposure to higher concentrations (70-1000 µg L -1 ).…”

Effects of hemazin SC 500 (terbuthylazine) on antioxidative enzymes in human erythrocytes in vitro

“…It was shown that terbuthylazine in algal cells leads to ROS formation. 6 Moreover, the major products of degradation of terbuthylazine, terbuthylazine-desethyl and hydroxyterbuthylazine, 7 caused the formation of ROS in carp 8 and red swamp crayfish. 9 The main antioxidants in erythrocytes are antioxidative enzymes: copper--zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1, Cu, Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and glutathione S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18).…”

“…In addition, a problem with the use of terbuthylazine could be its stability and the stability of its degradation products in soil and water, 7 which are extremely toxic to aquatic organisms. 8 Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the changes in antioxidant activity enzymes in erythrocytes (SOD1 and CAT, as enzymes in the first line of defense against ROS, and GST, as an enzyme of biotransformation) after acute exposure to the commercial herbicide hemazin SC 500 with terbuthylazine as an active compound.…”